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48 Neth. J. Legal. Phil. 3 (2019)

handle is hein.journals/njlp48 and id is 1 raw text is: OPINION Europe Kidnapped Spanish Voices on Citizenship and Exile* Massimo La Torre Having to deal with exile and citizenship, and Europe, two Spanish voices, Maria Zambrano's and Max Aub's, may be brought into play as a reference for a fruitful debate. I believe they both have a lot to say to us on these two issues that are once again central in the European political debate. They both wrote about Europe taken hostage by totalitarian forces at the end of 1930s: El rapto de Europa (Europe Kidnapped) is a theatre piece by Aub composed in 1945, where he drama- tized the attempts of a brave group of resistants led by Varian Fry to help people to escape from Marseille to America. And in the 1940s Maria Zambrano wrote a booklet La agonia de Europa (Europe's Agony) that is also a response to the rhet- oric of a united Europe then spread over by National Socialists whose suggestive echo we find in two pamphlets composed by a Swedish legal theorist, Karl Olive- crona, England eller Tyskland (England or Germany), 1940, and Amerika och Europa (America and Europe), 1942. Both La agonia de Europa by Zambrano and El rapto de Europa by Aub have little, if anything, to do with a book titled El rapto de Europa once more, published in 1954 by Luis Diez del Corral. Corral, like Zambrano a student of Jos6 Ortega y Gasset, was a faithful disciple, at least as far as the analysis of Europe's decadence is con- cerned, the European continent being considered by Corral as 'kidnapped' by non- European powers, somehow and ante litteram by globalization, which will profit, to distinct ends, of European technical achievements and their grandiose instru- mental rationality, furthermore a Europe 'kidnapped' by rebellious masses that intend to replace rights with needs. Maria Zambrano's booklet on the contrary is a somewhat critical response to La rebelian de las masas (The Revolt of the Masses) by Ortega y Gasset. The latter is quite an ambiguous book, published at the end of the 1920s, where democratic participation seems to be an intractable problem for a civilized society, and the solution of the European crisis is seen in a European federation with somewhat illiberal traits, an anticipation perhaps of what Her- mann Heller had ironically labelled as 'authoritarian liberalism'1 - actually a form * Previous versions of this paper given at the Conference on 'Belonging and Displacement: European Mobility Labyrinths and Spanish Mirrors. In Light of History' (European Studies Centre, St. Anthony College, Oxford, 21-22 May, 2018), and at the Conference 'People on The Move: Migrants, Refugees, and Citizenship Rights' (University of Tallinn, 7-8 February, 2019). To Mario Ruiz Sanz in memory. 1 See Hermann Heller, 'Autoritdrer Liberalismus?,' Die Neue Rundschau 44 (1933): 289-98. Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy 2019 (48) 1 3 doi: 10.5553/NJLP/221307132019048002001

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