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7 J. Transp. Sec. 1 (2014)

handle is hein.journals/jtransps7 and id is 1 raw text is: J Transp Secur (2014) 7:1-16 DOI 10.1007/s12198-013-0125-z Mass-casualty attacks on public transportation Annelie Holgersson - Ulf Bjbrnstig Received: 4 July 2013 /Accepted: 8 July 2013 /Published online: 20 July 2013 O Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract The 21st century has provided many examples of the devastating effects attacks can have when public transportation has been targeted or used as weapons. Four hundred and seventy seven mass-casualty attacks ( 10 fatally injured and/or 100 non-fatally injured) against public transportation and terminal buildings during the years 1970-2009 were studied with data from the Global Terrorism Database in addition to open media sources, scientific journals, and books. Asia was the most frequently targeted region, followed by the Middle East & North African region and Sub- Saharan Africa. Airplanes were the most frequently attacked mode of transport during the 1970s, but were surpassed by buses in the mid-80s. There was also an alarming increase in attacks against terminal buildings during 2000-2009. The two most common types of attacks were bombings and armed assault. Complex tactical approaches so as to achieve as much carnage as possible were apparent-e.g., maximizing the number of exposed people, enhancing weapon effects, approaching victims one-by-one, combining several attack types, and targeting rescue personnel. These approaches were more predominant during the last two decades and attacks against rescue personnel were exclusive to the 21st century. The average number of injured increased considerably, despite a quite stable incidence rate since the 1980s. High numbers ofnon-fatally injured people were connected to attacks on terminal buildings, multiple targets and complex tactical approaches. These incidents, with more and more non-fatally injured, challenge our societal response structures and thus require more research. Keywords Antagonism - Mass transportation . Terrorism - Transit - Violence Introduction Public transportation is inherently vulnerable to attacks due to its openness and availability. The various modes of transport often pass specified locations at certain intervals, have a wide geographical coverage, offer the possibility of anonymity, have A. Holgersson (E) - U. Bj6rnstig Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Division of Surgery - Research Center for Disaster Medicine, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden e-mail: annelie.holgersson~9surgery.umu.se 4L Springer

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