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35 J. Res. Crime & Delinquency 3 (1998)

handle is hein.journals/jrcd35 and id is 1 raw text is: AN APPLICATION OF STAFFORD AND WARR'S RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF DETERRENCE TO DRINKING AND DRIVING ALEX PIQUERO RAYMOND PATERNOSTER In a recent restatement of the deterrence doctrine, Stafford and Warr (1993) argued that deterrence is felt through a mixture of personal and vicarious experiences with punishment and the avoidance of punishment. An implication of the premise that persons may be affected by both what they directly experience and what they only indirectly experience through others is that they may be influenced by both general and specific deterrence mechanisms. In an empirical test of this reconceptualization, the authors found that persons' expressed intentions to drink and drive are affected by (1) personal and vicarious experiences and (2) punishment and punishment avoidance. Strong deterrent effects were found for the perceived certainty of punish- ment that is directed at one's self The authors also found that moral beliefs that prohibit drunk driving are an effective source of inhibition. In addition, the social control of drunk driving seems to operate equally wellfor men and women. Traditionally, deterrence has been conceptualized as involving two dis- tinct types of processes: specific deterrence and general deterrence. Specific deterrence operates when an individual who has committed a crime and has been sanctioned refrains from committing additional criminal acts for fear of another punishment. General deterrence occurs when a would-be offender refrains from committing a crime because another has been punished for offending. In the past, researchers (Andenaes 1968, 1974; Gibbs 1975; Meier and Johnson 1977; Nagin 1978) have been adamant in distinguishing these two types of deterrence with reference to different populations: Specific deterrence affects the punished offender, whereas general deterrence affects the unpunished would-be offender who somehow witnesses or vicariously experiences punishment. We would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments. Address all correspondence to Alex Piquero, Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, Glad- felterHall (5th floor), Philadelphia, PA 19122; phone (215) 204-1354, fax (215) 204-3872, e-mail apiquero@nimbus.ocis.temple.edu. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY, Vol. 35 No. 1, February 1998 3-39 @ 1998 Sage Publications, Inc. 3 from the SAGE Social Science Collections. All Rights Reserved.

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