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48 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 51 (2013)
Transgender People, Intimate Partner Abuse, and the Legal System

handle is hein.journals/hcrcl48 and id is 55 raw text is: Transgender People, Intimate Partner Abuse, and the Legal System Leigh Goodmark* The unique experiences of transgender persons subjected to abuse have not been the focus of legal scholarship; instead, the experiences of transgender people are often subsumed in the broader discourse around domestic violence in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. This dearth of legal scholarship is not surprising given how little research of any kind exists on how transgender people experience intimate partner abuse. This is the first law re- view article to concentrate specifically on intimate partner abuse and the trans- gender community. The Article begins by discussing the difficulties of engaging in scholarship around this topic, noting the lack of a shared language and knowledge base for discussing intimate partner abuse in the transgender com- munity. The Article then documents the barriers confronting transgender people seeking relief from intimate partner abuse, situates those barriers in the broader context of the structural and institutional violence and discrimination that are so prevalent in the lives of transgender people, and examines closely the inade- quacy of the legal system to address the needs of transgender people subjected to abuse. This part of the Article is informed by the observations and insights of legal professionals working with transgender people subjected to intimate part- ner abuse, as well as the narratives of transgender people who have engaged the legal system. The Article then examines the gendered nature of intimate partner abuse against transgender people, arguing that such abuse can be understood not only through the lens of the patriarchal narrative of the battered women's movement, but also as a means of policing gender norms and affirming gender identity. The Article questions whether the legal system, which is the most devel- oped and best funded response to domestic violence in the United States, can ever function as the cornerstone of an effective response to intimate partner abuse for transgender people. The Article concludes that we cannot create ef- fective systemic responses to intimate partner abuse without understanding the particular needs of discrete groups of individuals subjected to abuse - like transgender people. INTRODUCTION On August 28, 2009, Paulina Ibarra, a twenty-four-year-old trans- gender' woman, was stabbed to death in her apartment in Hollywood.2 Al- * Professor of Law, Director of Clinical Education, and Co-Director, Center on Applied Feminism, University of Baltimore School of Law. Thanks to Dean Spade, Shannon Minter, Erez Aloni, Clare Huntington, Courtney Joslin, and the participants in the Feminist Legal The- ory Collaborative Research Network for their guidance and suggestions. Thanks also to the many advocates who shared their time and insights with me: Linnet Caban, Ursula Campos- Gatjens, Victoria Cruz, Catherine Shugrue Dos Santos, Pooja Gehi, Virginia Goggins, Chanel Lopez, Morgan Lynn, Jarad Ringer, Marie Romeo, Terra Slavin, Andrew Sta. Ana, Wayne Thomas, and Kristin Tucker. Enormous thanks to Peggy Chu for her insight and research support, and to the staff of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, particularly Mollie Bracewell, Josh Freiman, Elizabeth Graber, Jason Lee, and William O'Neil, for their editorial assistance and enthusiasm for this Article. See discussion of the term transgender infra Part I.B.

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