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17 Eur. L.J. 1 (2011)

handle is hein.journals/eurlj17 and id is 1 raw text is: European Law Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2011, pp. 1-34. C 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA A New Fundamental Freedom beyond Market Integration: Union Citizenship and its Dynamics for Shifting the Economic Paradigm of European Integration Ferdinand Wollenschliger* Abstract: The development of European integration from an economic to a political community has become manifest not just in the continuous addition of non-economic policy areas to the treaties. The introduction of Union citizenship (and its controversial subsequent development in the European Court of Justice's jurisprudence) has also trig- gered a paradigm shift in one of the community's core areas, the concept of negative integration hitherto intrinsically linked to the internal market. Thus, neither the individu- al's quality as a market actor nor his/her involvement in a transnational economic activity is a condition for enjoyment of the market freedoms' core guarantees, these being a right of residence and a far-reaching claim to national treatment in other Member States, as well as a prohibition on restrictions to the free movement of persons. A new fundamental freedom beyond market integration ('Grundfreiheit ohne Markt') has emerged. This process, whose consequences for the welfare systems of the wealthier Member States have been fiercely discussed for some time, however, also threatens to curtail severely the regulatory autonomy at the national level. I Le citoyen A la une de l'Europe 'Le citoyen a la une de l'Europe -calls of this kind to build European integration around the citizen were first voiced at the beginning of the 1970s,2 before finding prominent expression in the institutionalisation of European citizenship under the Treaty of Maastricht. Despite its being initially deemed no more than a symbolic * This article explores ideas first developed in the author's book Grundfreiheit ohne Markt. Die Herausbil- dung der Unionsbfirgerschaft im unionsrechtlichen Freizfigigkeitsregime (Mohr Siebeck, 2007), and is based on a German article published under the title 'Die Unionsbilrgerschaft und ihre Dynamik ffir den Integrationsprozess jenseits des Marktes' (2009) Zeitschrift ffir europarechtliche Studien 1. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Eleventh Biennial International Conference of the European Union Studies Association (EUSA) in Los Angeles, USA in April 2009. This quotation echoes the title of an article by A. Lhoest, 'Le citoyen A la une de l'Europe', (1975) Revue Du Marchi Commun Et De L'Union Europdenne 431. 2 Cf for an account of the rise of the idea of a 'Citizens' Europe' F. Wollenschldiger, Grundfreiheit ohne Markt. Die Herausbildung der Unionsbfirgerschaft im unionsrechtlichen Freizfigigkeitsregime (Mohr Siebeck, 2007), at 91 et seq.

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