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4 Eur. J. on Crim. Pol'y & Rsch. 5 (1996)

handle is hein.journals/eurjcpr4 and id is 1 raw text is: Editorial Criminal law is legitimized on a national level. In most countries in Europe the substantive and procedural rules of criminal justice are decreed by the national parliaments. The institutions of police and justice are organized by national governments. The jurisprudence has a national eloquence. In most cases how- ever, the crime problem itself has a local or even personal base. Petty crime in particular is a local affair, and can differ in many respects between rural and urban communities, between towns, or even between neighbourhoods in one town. Crime is, in most cases, located on a microlevel, while criminal justice stems from a macro-oriented system. In the 1980s this micro-macro model of crime and criminal justice was chal- lenged in many Western countries. Especially since the development of crime prevention policy it has been recognized that severe tension might exist between the scale of the problem and that of the solutions. In the United States there was the development towards community justice; in Great Britain and other countries the Safer Cities programmes were developed; in many coun- tries community policing was introduced; in France initiatives were taken in terms of police et justice de proximiti. Generally speaking, criminal justice policy became, problem-oriented instead of case-oriented, effectuated closer to the citizens. This issue of the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research is dedicat- ed to this new community-oriented approach in criminal justice policy. It informs on and evaluates the effectiveness of this decentralist turn. The first article is based on the International Crime Survey and informs us that inhab- itants of large towns are two or even three times more likely to fall victim to a crime than people living in small towns or the countryside. In comparison to cities in North America, Australia, South Africa and South America most European cities are still relatively safe.In Asian cities public safety is generally better assured. Professor Jan van Dijk thinks that if no more remedies are intro- duced in the socially most vulnerable neighbourhoods, serious crime is likely to go up. Paul Ekblom (Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate) gives the latest data on the British Safer Cities programme. During the period from 1988 to 1995 over 3,600 schemes were introduced in twenty cities. The evaluation con- centrates on domestic burglary, using surveys and recorded crime statistics. The author concludes that the cost of realizing a reduction in crime was gene- rally less than the costs of burglary, and the cost-effectiveness increased where

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