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27 Duke J. Comp. & Int'l L. 1 (2016-2017)

handle is hein.journals/djcil27 and id is 1 raw text is: THE CONSTITUTION V. THE CONVENTION: THE EVOLUTION OF THE COURT-MANDATED RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE SARA SUN BEALE* AND RICHARD E. MYERS II** TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................... ......... 2 I. THE CONSTITUTION AND THE CONVENTION ....... ............ 5 II. ENFORCING THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN THE UNITED STATES ........ 8 A. Due Process as a Basis for the Right to Counsel... ................... 9 1. The Right to Publicly-Compensated Counsel in a Criminal Case... 9 2. The Test for the Adequacy of Counsel. ......... .......... 10 3. The Reality of the Right to Counsel........................... 11 B. Barriers to Enforcement ................................ 12 1. The Limitations Imposed by Federalism ...... ........... 12 2. The Case or Controversy Limitation .................... 14 3. The Limitations of Institutional Reform Litigation................... 15 4. The Interaction of Legal and Political Barriers... ............ 17 III. ENFORCING THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN EUROPE... ............ 17 A. The Convention's Original Enforcement Mechanism...................... 19 B. The Convention's Current Enforcement Regime .................. 19 1. Amendments to the Convention....................... 20 2. Administrative Procedures ....................... 21 3. Judicial Enforcement.. .................... ........... 22 a. Pilot Judgments ................................ 23 b. Other Judicial Techniques............ .................. 24 4. Actions by Other Institutions of the Council of Europe............ 24 5. Pushback: Challenges to the ECtHR's Legitimacy ................... 24 C. The European Union Directive ........................... 25 D. Evaluating the Implementation of ECtHR Decisions ............ 27 Copyright C 2016 Sara Sun Beale and Richard E. Myers II The authors would like to thank Jacqueline Hodgson and the participants at the Future of Adversarial and Inquisitorial Systems Conference, Warwick University, United Kingdom, for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. We owe special gratitude to Professors Thomas Weigend and Laurence Helfer for their comments and assistance. * Charles L.B. Lowndes Professor, Duke University School of Law. ** Henry Brandis Distinguished Professor of Law, University of North Carolina School of Law. 1

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