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36 Cato J. 17 (2016)
Occupational Licensing and Interstate Migration

handle is hein.journals/catoj36 and id is 23 raw text is: OCCUPATIONAL LICENSING AND INTERSTATE MIGRATION Sean E. Mulholland and Andrew T. Young In an overview of his book with Lowell Gallaway, Out of Work: Untemploymtent and Governmtent in Twentieth-Century Amterica, Richard Vedder (1993: 1) states: Not only has the government con- tributed to the instability and volatility of unemployment in several important episodes in American history, but the overall long-term level of unemployment has been raised by government policies; fur- thermore, the victims of these well-intentioned government policies have been largely the poor, the unskilled, and minorities, not the more affluent educated middle classes. A substantial part of Vedder's writing and research-much of it with Lowell Gallaway-- has directly or indirectly stressed this findamental reality of govern- ment policies (e.g., Vedder, Gallaway, and Sollars 1988; Vedder and Gallaway 1992a, 1992b). Much of Out of Work concerns itself withfederal government pol- icy. However, state and local governments also pursue policies that erect barriers between individuals and employment opportunities, and those opportunities are often ones that require relatively low levels of skill and experience. At the level of state governments in particular, occupational licensing laws represent a substantial complex of such barriers, and occupational licensing has become increasing prevalent across the U.S. economy. In the 1950s, about 1 out of 20 American Cato Jounal, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter 2016). Copyright © Cato Institute. All rights reserved. Sean E. Mulholland is Professor of Economics at Stonehill College. Andrew T. Young is Associate Professor of Economics at West Virginia University. They thank Joshua Hall and an anonymous referee for helpful comments.

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