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48 Crime & Delinquency 3 (2002)

handle is hein.journals/cadq48 and id is 1 raw text is: Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) of Youth: An Analysis of State and Federal Efforts to Address the Issue Michael J. Leiber Since the mid-1990s, states participating in the Federal Formula Grants Program have been required to determine whether disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) exists in secure facilities, identify the causes, and develop and implement corrective strategies. DMC, a core requirement ofthe Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of1974, as amended, consists offour interrelated stages: identification, assessment, intervention, and monitoring. The objective ofthe present research is to examine compli- ance with the identification and assessment stages ofthe DMC mandate. More spec fically, the inquiryfocuses on the extent ofminority overrepresentation in states'juvenile justice systems and assessments of its causes. The discussion concludes with an examination of the politics and practical limitations that affect implementation of the DMC requirement. In 1992, the issue of disproportionate minority youth confinement (DMC) was included as a core requirement of the Juvenile Justice and Delin- quency Prevention Act of 1974, as amended, along with the deinstitutionalization of status offenders, the removal of juveniles in adult jails, and the separation of juveniles from adults in institutions. Beginning with fiscal year 1994 funds, states participating in the Federal Formula Grants Program were required to determine whether disproportionate minority confinement exists, identify the causes, and develop and implement corrective strategies (Federal Register, 1991, p. 22969; Hsia, 1999). States failing to make progress or at least show a good-faith effort toward this endeavor risked losing one fourth of their formula grant funds for that year and having to direct the remaining three fourths toward achieving compliance. The main objective of the present research is to examine the DMC man- date and state efforts to comply. The research focuses on two key components of the mandate: identification of the extent of minority overrepresentation in states' juvenile justice systems and assessment of the causes of DMC. The MICHAEL J. LEIBER: Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology, University of Northern Iowa. I would like to thank Lisa Kelly-Wilson and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and, in particular, Heidi Hsia, for their helpful comments and suggestions. The view- points expressed within the text, however, are those of the author. CRIME & DELINQUENCY, Vol. 48 No. 1, January 2002 3-45 0 2002 Sage Publications 3

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