About | HeinOnline Law Journal Library | HeinOnline Law Journal Library | HeinOnline
LOG IN
LOG IN

17 Drake J. Agric. L. 1 (2012)

handle is hein.journals/dragl17 and id is 13 raw text is: THE USDA DISCRIMINATION CASES: PIGFORD, IN RE BLACK FARMERS, KEEPSEA GLE, GARCIA, AND LOVE Stephen Carpenter* I. Introduction.......................................... II. Background ............2............. ...............2 III. Discrimination Generally...............................5 IV. USDA History and Discrimination ................ ..........7 V. Agricultural Credit and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)......11 VI. The Discrimination Cases .................................13 A. Pigford .................................... .....15 B. Keepseagle ............................. ..............21 C. In re Black Farmers Discrimination Litigation ...... ........27 D. Garcia, Love, and a USDA Administrative Process .. ..........32 VII. Conclusion ..........................................34 I. INTRODUCTION Over the past several years, the practical terms of the contemporary in- tersection of race, gender, and agriculture generated several lawsuits. In this litigation, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and women allege that the USDA discriminated against them when they sought to participate in USDA programs as farmers.' The cases involve tens of thousands of class mem- bers and billions of dollars in remedies while tens of thousands more claimants * Senior Staff Attorney, Farmers' Legal Action Group, Saint Paul, Minnesota; for- merly Senior Counsel for the Pigford Monitor; and at present Ombudsman for In re Black Farmers Discrimination Litigation. These are the terms used to describe plaintiffs in the various cases. While both Hispanic and Latino and Native American and Indian respectively might be used interchangeably, and considerable discussion addresses the merits of each identifying term, this article generally follows the terminology used in the litigation in question. See Garcia v. Vilsack, 563 F.3d 519 (D.C. Cir. 2009); Love v. Connor, 525 F. Supp. 2d 155 (D.C. Dist. 2007); Keepseagle v. Johanns, 236 F.R.D. I (D.C. Dist. 2006); Pigford v. Glickman, 185 F.R.D. 82 (D.C. Dist. 1999). I

What Is HeinOnline?

HeinOnline is a subscription-based resource containing thousands of academic and legal journals from inception; complete coverage of government documents such as U.S. Statutes at Large, U.S. Code, Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Reports, and much more. Documents are image-based, fully searchable PDFs with the authority of print combined with the accessibility of a user-friendly and powerful database. For more information, request a quote or trial for your organization below.



Short-term subscription options include 24 hours, 48 hours, or 1 week to HeinOnline.

Purchase Access

Contact us for annual subscription options:

Contact Us

Already a HeinOnline Subscriber?

Log In

profiles profiles most