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1 1 (January 2, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govywj0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Incrmins on us since 1914 U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview The United States imposes sanctions on Russian persons (individuals, entities, and vessels) in response to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, election interference, malicious cyber-enabled activities, human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria. Sanctions against Russian persons may include blocking of assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including limiting or prohibiting transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's energy and defense sectors. For more, see CRS Report R45415, U.S. Sanctions on Russia. Invasion of Ukraine Most U.S. designations of Russian persons subject to sanctions are in response to Russia's 2014 invasion and annexation of Ukraine's Crimea region and Russia's fostering of conflict in eastern Ukraine. To date, the United States has imposed Ukraine-related sanctions on more than 650 persons. The basis for Ukraine-related sanctions is a series of executive orders (EOs 13660, 13661, 13662, and 13685) that were issued in 2014 and codified by the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.). The EOs provide for sanctions against those the President determines have undermined Ukraine's security and stability; misappropriated Ukrainian state assets; or conducted business, trade, or investment in occupied Crimea. They also provide for sanctions against any Russian government officials and those who offer them support, persons who operate in the Russian arms sector, and persons who operate in key sectors of the Russian economy. Sectoral sanctions apply to specific entities in Russia's financial, energy, and defense sectors. U.S. persons are restricted from engaging in specific transactions with these entities, which are identified as subject to one of four directives. Restrictions apply to new equity investment and financing for identified entities in Russia's financial sector; new financing for identified entities in Russia's energy sector; and new financing for identified entities in Russia's defense sector. Sectoral sanctions also prohibit U.S. trade with identified entities related to the development of Russian deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale projects that have the potential to produce oil and, as amended by CRIEEA, such projects worldwide in which those entities have an ownership interest of at least 33% or a majority of voting interests. Updated January 2, 2019 Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities Sanctions imposed on Russian persons in response to malicious cyber activities are based on two authorities. The first is EO 13694, as amended by EO 13757 (and codified by CRIEEA). This executive order targets those who engage in cyberattacks (1) against critical infrastructure, (2) for financial or commercial gain, (3) to significantly disrupt the availability of a computer or network, or (4) to interfere with U.S. election processes and institutions. In December 2016, the Obama Administration designated for election-related malicious cyber activities nine persons, including Russia's leading intelligence agency (FSB) and military intelligence (GRU). Two other persons were designated for financial-related cyber activities. In March 2018, the Trump Administration designated 16 persons for election interference. In June and August 2018, the Trump Administration designated 12 more persons it referred to as FSB enablers. In December 2018, it designated another six persons for election interference. Many of these designees also have been indicted by the Department of Justice's Special Counsel's Office for crimes related to election interference. CRIEEA, at Section 224, enlarged the scope of cyber- related activities subject to sanctions to include a range of activities conducted on behalf of the Russian government that undermine cybersecurity against any person, including a democratic institution, or government. In March 2018, the Trump Administration designated, pursuant to Section 224, six persons previously designated under EO 13694, as well as two others, for the 2017 NotPetya global ransomware attack. In June 2018, the Administration designated one more entity under Section 224. In December 2018, the Administration designated 13 GRU officers for election interference or cyber operations against the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). All these officers also have been indicted by the Department of Justice for related crimes. To deter further Russian malicious cyber-enabled activities, CRIEEA, at Section 231, requires secondary sanctions on persons that engage in significant transactions with the Russian defense or intelligence sectors. In September 2018, the Administration designated the Equipment Development Department of China's Central Military Commission, as well as its director, for taking delivery of 10 combat aircraft and surface-to-air missile system-related equipment. Human Rights Abuse and Corruption The Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-208, Title IV; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note) requires the President to impose sanctions on persons he identifies httfps:I/crsreports.congress~gc

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