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1 1 (December 16, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govejun0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service Informing the Iegitive debate since 1914 Updated December 16, 2022 Defense Primer: Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps The Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) is a Department of Defense (DOD)-funded program of instruction for high school-aged students administrated by the military departments (Army, Navy, and Air Force). A key purpose of JROTC, according to 10 U.S.C. §2031 is to instill in students in United States secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States (including an introduction to service opportunities in military, national, and public service), and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment. Congress established JROTC as an Army program in the National Defense Act of 1916 (P.L. 64-85) and in 1964 expanded it to the Navy and Air Force. Congress later authorized Coast Guard JROTC units at two schools: the Maritime and Science Technology Academy in Miami, FL, in 1989 (P.L. 101-225), and Camden County High School, NC, in 2005 (P.L. 109-241). In fiscal year (FY) 2022, the military departments reported funding 3,486 JROTC units operating in every state and in DOD schools overseas (see Table 1). Eighth-grade students may participate in JROTC if physically co-located with 9th_ 12th grade students. Home-schooled students may also participate. In FY2022, 10 Air Force units were converted to Space Force units. Table I. Estimated Size of JROTC Program in FY2022 Number of Estimated Service units enrollment Army 1,701 302,500 Navy 654 93,100 Marine Corps 256 32,790 Air Force 865 1 10,000 Space Force 10 1,300 Total 3,486 539,690 Source: DOD Comptroller, FY2023 budget justification documents. Notes: Navy figures include 71 National Defense Cadet Corps (NNDCC) units and 5,100 NNDCC cadets. JROTC instructors Most JROTC instructors are retired or reserve officers and enlisted noncommissioned officers (NCOs) who are hired as employees of the school district. Service-level policies require JROTC schools to have a minimum of one officer (Senior Military Instructor) and one NCO (Junior Military Instructor) on staff. Eligibility criteria to serve as a JROTC instructor (e.g., education, certification) are specified in law (10 U.S.C. §2033). Instructors are required to abide by standards set by their parent service, as well as the policies set by their host institution. Servicemembers who are eligible for retired pay may continue to receive such pay while employed as an instructor. By law (10 U.S.C. §203 1), military departments may subsidize instructor positions by reimbursing the host institution for a portion of the salary. DOD financial regulations refer to the salary that a school must pay the instructor as the Minimum Instructor Pay (MIP). The MIP is the difference between the (1) active duty pay and allowances the instructor would receive if recalled to active duty and (2) instructor's retired pay entitlement. Sample salary calculations are found in DOD Instruction 1205.13. Curriculum JROTC courses are taught over a three- or four-year period on topics such as leadership, ethics, civics, history, and health and wellness. The FY2020 NDAA (P.L. 116-92) also authorized instruction in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. JROTC also includes service-specific courses such as Aerospace Science or Seamanship and Navigation. In addition, units offer extracurricular activities such as color guard/drill team, marksmanship, and field trips to military installations. Establishing a JROTC Program Congressional offices may be approached by local educational authorities (LEAs) in their district with questions about how to establish a new JROTC unit. Schools interested in hosting a unit must apply to the respective military department. By law, host schools are required to maintain participation levels of 10% of the student body, or 100 students, whichever is less. The military departments establish criteria for unit placement. For example, the Army maintains an Order of Merit List, with a point system awarding credit to institutions for categories such as Title I status under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (P.L. 89-10, as amended), local indicators of need (e.g., high unemployment or illiteracy), student enrollment, school financial solvency, and fair and equitable distribution of JROTC programs among states. Schools may also apply to host or convert an existing JROTC unit to a National Defense Cadet Corps (NDCC) per 10 U.S.C. §2035. NDCC statutory and regulatory requirements are similar to host a JROTC unit. However, instructor salaries and other costs for NDCCs are the responsibility of the host institution and are not subsidized by the government. Schools may seek to convert an existing unit to an unfunded NDCC if enrolment figures fall under the statutory threshold. Federal Funding Congress annually appropriates JROTC funds as part of DOD's Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and Military Personnel (MILPERS) budget (see Table 2). Beyond instructor salaries, the military departments also fund uniforms, cadet travel, training aids, text books, educational

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