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1 1 (November 16, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govejky0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service nforming the legislitive debate since 1914 Updated November 16, 2022 The European Parliament and U.S. Interests A Key EU Institution The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The EP's 705 members represent the EU's roughly 445 million citizens. The most recent EP elections were in May 2019. The EP has accumulated more power over time as part of EU efforts to improve democratic accountability and transparency in EU policymaking. Since the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, the EP has become a more important actor on several issues of U.S. concern, including trade, data privacy, and counterterrorism. Congress-EP ties are long- standing, and the EP's potential to influence key aspects of U.S.-EU relations may be of interest to Congress. Role and Responsibilities The EP plays a role in the EU's legislative and budget processes and has a degree of oversight responsibility. The EP works closely with the two other main EU institutions: the European Commission, which represents the interests of the EU as a whole and functions as the EU's executive, and the Council of the European Union (or the Council of Ministers), which represents the interests of the EU's national governments. Although the European Commission has the right of legislative initiative, the EP shares legislative power with the Council of Ministers in most policy areas, giving the EP the right to accept, amend, or reject the vast majority of EU laws (with some exceptions, such as taxation and most aspects of foreign policy). Both the EP and the Council of Ministers must approve a European Commission proposal for it to become EU law in a process known as the ordinary legislative procedure or co-decision. The EP must approve the accession of new EU member states and international accords (including EU trade agreements) and may issue nonlegislative resolutions (often used, for example, to provide opinions on foreign policy issues). With the Council of Ministers, the EP decides how to allocate the EU's annual budget (fixed as a percentage of the EU's combined gross national income). The EP also has a supervisory role over the European Commission and some limited oversight over the activities of the Council of Ministers. The EP monitors EU policies, can conduct investigations and public hearings, and must approve each new slate of European Commissioners every five years. Structure and Organization Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) serve five- year terms. Voting for the EP takes place on a national basis, with the number of MEPs elected in each EU country based roughly on population size. Political Groups Once elected, MEPs caucus according to political ideology rather than nationality. A political group must contain at least 23 MEPs from a minimum of seven EU countries. Currently, the EP has seven political groups-containing almost 200 national political parties-that span the political spectrum, as well as a number of non-attached or independent MEPs (see Figure 1). Although the majority of MEPs hail from political parties that support the EU project, some belong to parties considered to be anti- establishment and euroskeptic-that is, critical of the EU or anti-EU to varying degrees. Most euroskeptic parties are on the right or far right (and are predominantly nationalist and anti-immigration), but a few are on the left or far left. No single group in the EP has an absolute majority, making compromise and coalition-building key features of the EP. Historically, the two largest parties-the center-right European People's Party (EPP) and the center-left Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament (S&D)-have tended to dominate the EP by cooperating in unofficial grand coalitions. At the same time, voting blocs may vary on specific pieces of legislation. The relative size of the political groups also helps to determine EP leadership and committee posts. E P Leadership, Committees, an d Delegations MEPs elect a president of the European Parliament every two-and-a-half years (twice per parliamentary term). The president oversees the work of the EP and represents it externally. Roberta Metsola, a Maltese MEP from the EPP, was elected as EP president in January 2022. The EP has 20 standing committees that are key actors in the adoption of EU legislation. In terms of their importance and power, EP committees rival those in the U.S. Congress and surpass those in most national European legislatures. Each committee considers legislative proposals that fall within its jurisdiction and recommends to the full EP whether to adopt, amend, or reject the proposed legislation. The EP also may establish temporary committees on specific issues or committees of inquiry on breaches of EU law. The EP plays a role in the EU's international presence with 44 delegations that maintain parliament-to-parliament relations throughout the world (including with the U.S. Congress). Location and Administration The EP's official seat is in Strasbourg, France (a location, near Germany, chosen to symbolize postwar reconciliation). Plenaries typically are held in Strasbourg once per month. Committee meetings and some part-plenary sessions occur in Brussels, Belgium. A Secretariat of about 7,000 nonpartisan civil servants and contract staff, based in both Brussels and Luxembourg, provides administrative and technical support. MEPs and political groups also have their own staff assistants. The EP faces some criticism that its

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