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1 1 (November 17, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govejkw0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service informing the legislative debate since 1914 Updated November 17, 2022 Defense Primer: Budgeting for National and Defense Intelligence Introduction Intelligence Community (IC) programs include the resources (money and manpower) to accomplish IC goals and responsibilities as defined by the U.S. Code and Executive Order 12333. IC programs are funded through the: (1) National Intelligence Program (NIP), which covers the programs, projects, and activities of the IC oriented toward the strategic requirements of policymakers, and (2) Military Intelligence Program (MIP), which funds defense intelligence activities intended to support tactical military requirements and operations. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (USD(I&S)) manage the NIP and MIP, respectively, under different authorities. NIP and MIP Spending At the present time, only the NIP topline figure must be publicly disclosed based on a directive in statute. The DNI is not required to disclose any other information concerning the NIP budget, whether the information concerns particular intelligence agencies or particular intelligence programs. Although not mandated by statute, the Secretary of Defense also discloses annual MIP appropriations totals dating back to 2007. In FY2021, funding appropriated for the NIP and MIP totaled $84.1 billion (NIP $60.8 billion, MIP $23.3 billion). The aggregate NIP/MIP appropriated budget for FY2022 is $89.8 billion (NIP $65.7 billion, MIP $24.1 billion). The aggregate NIP/MIP requested budget for FY2023 is $93.7 billion (NIP $67.1 billion, MIP $26.6 billion). Background National Intelligence Program (NIP) The origins of the intelligence budget, separate and distinct from the defense budget, date to reforms initiated in the 1970s to improve oversight and accountability of the IC. At that time, the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP) was managed by the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, and overseen by the National Security Council (NSC). Congress redesignated the NFIP as the NIP in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004 (P.L. 108-458 § 1074). The IRTPA also provided for a number of additional IC reforms, including the position of DNI. The DNI was given more budgetary authority over the NIP than the DCI had over the NFIP. Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 104 provides overall policy to include a description of the DNI's roles and responsibilities as program executive of the NIP. Military Intelligence Program (MIP) Military-specific tactical and/or operational intelligence activities were not included in the NFIP. They were known as Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities (TIARA) and managed separately by the Secretary of Defense. TIARA referred to the intelligence activities of a single service that were considered organic to military units. In 1994, Congress created a new category called the Joint Military Intelligence Program (JMIP) for defense-wide intelligence programs. In 2005, the Secretary of Defense signed a memorandum that merged TIARA and JMIP to form the MIP. DOD Directive 5205.12, signed in November 2008, established policies and assigned responsibilities, to include the USD(I&S)'s role as program executive of the MIP, acting on behalf of the Secretary of Defense. The IC established organizing principles called Rules of the Road to loosely explain the two budget programs' different but related structures. A program is primarily NIP if it funds an activity that supports more than one department or agency (such as satellite imagery), or provides a service of common concern for the IC (such as secure communications). The NIP funds the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in their entirety, and the strategic intelligence activities associated with departmental IC elements (such DOD's National Security Agency (NSA)). A program is primarily MIP if it funds an activity that addresses a unique DOD requirement. Additionally, MIP funds may be used to sustain, enhance, or increase capacity/capability of NIP systems. The DNI and USD(I&S) work together in a number of ways to facilitate the integration of NIP and MIP intelligence efforts. Mutually beneficial programs may receive both NIP and MIP resources. Two Budget Processes: IPPBE & PPBE The IC's Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Evaluation (IPPBE) process allocates funding and personnel resources supporting IC-wide capabilities through the development and execution of the NIP and its associated budget. The NIP addresses priorities described in national security-related documents such as the National Intelligence Strategy. The IPPBE process applies to all 18 components of the IC (IC elements are specified by 50 U.S.C. §3003(4)). Program managers control NIP resources aligned with requirements for IC capabilities such as geospatial intelligence, signals intelligence, and human intelligence-capabilities that may span several IC components.

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