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1 1 (September 1, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/goveirt0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service Infcrming the legisiative debate sinco 1914 Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Venezuela, under the authoritarian rule of Nicolas Maduro, remains in a deep economic and humanitarian crisis worsened by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Maduro has consolidated power over all of Venezuela's institutions since his 2013 election after the death of President Hugo Chavez (1999-2013). Maduro's United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) took control of the National Assembly after flawed parliamentary elections in December 2020; the PSUV and allies also won 19 of 23 gubernatorial races in November 2021 state-level elections. Maduro has quashed dissent and resisted U.S. and international pressure to step down since his reelection in a 2018 presidential vote widely condemned as fraudulent. Domestic and international support for opposition leader Juan Guaid6, the former National Assembly president once regarded as interim president by nearly 60 other countries, has dissipated. The Biden Administration continues to recognize Guaid6's government, partially to prevent Venezuelan assets abroad from coming under Maduro's control. Administration officials nevertheless met with Maduro in March and June 2022, reportedly to discuss U.S. citizens illegally detained in Venezuela, restarting stalled negotiations with the opposition, and energy issues. Political Situation Maduro has used security forces, buoyed by corrupt courts, to quash dissent. His government has rewarded allies, particularly in the security forces, by allowing them to earn income from illegal gold mining, drug trafficking, and other illicit activities. Those forces have detained and abused Maduro's opponents, including military officers, opposition politicians, and civic leaders. As of August 24, 2022, the government had imprisoned 244 political prisoners, according to Foro Penal, a Venezuelan human rights group. The U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has documented, and the International Criminal Court is investigating, extrajudicial killings and other grave crimes committed by Venezuela's security forces. The Venezuelan opposition has been weak and divided, with many of its leaders in exile. Guaid6 challenged Maduro's authority in 2019, but Guaid6's support has since faded. After Norway-led negotiations stalled in mid-2019, the Maduro government persecuted Guaid6's supporters. In April 2021, Guaid6 called on opposition parties, labor and civic groups, and business leaders to form a Unity Platform to negotiate with Maduro officials. The Unity Platform seeks better human rights, humanitarian, and electoral conditions for the 2024 presidential elections; Maduro's team seeks relief from U.S. sanctions and international recognition. Mediated by Norway, the negotiations began in Mexico in September 2021, but Maduro suspended them after the United States extradited a top ally, Alex Saab, from Cape Verde to stand trial for money laundering. Updated September 1, 2022 After the March 2022 meeting with U.S. officials, Maduro released two unjustly imprisoned Americans and pledged to restart negotiations but has not done so. Even if negotiations restart, it is unclear whether Maduro will make significant concessions without U.S. sanctions relief. Economic and Humanitarian Crisis By most accounts, Maduro's government has mismanaged the economy and engaged in massive corruption, exacerbating the effects of a decline in oil production. Between 2014 and 2021, Venezuela's economy contracted by 80%, according to estimates by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). According to a February 2021 Government Accountability Office report, sanctions imposed by the United States in response to Maduro's authoritarian actions, particularly sanctions targeting Venezuela's oil industry, contributed to the economic crisis. Since 2021, hyperinflation has abated and higher oil prices driven by Russia's invasion of Ukraine appear to be driving a nascent economic recovery. Nevertheless, shortages in food and medicine, declines in purchasing power, and a collapse of social services have created a humanitarian crisis. According to the 2022 U.N. Global Humanitarian Overview, some 7 million Venezuelans are in need of humanitarian assistance. Health indicators, particularly infant and maternal mortality rates, have worsened. Violent clashes between illegally armed groups along the Venezuela-Colombia border have complicated humanitarian relief efforts in that region. According to data from Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Venezuela reported 5,796 deaths from COVID-19 (as of late August 2022), but experts maintain the actual number is much higher. The pandemic has strained Venezuela's hollowed-out health system. According to JHU, 50.2% of Venezuelans were fully vaccinated as of August 2022. Venezuela has used Russian and Cuban vaccines and has received Chinese vaccines both bilaterally and through the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) Facility. As of August 2022, U.N. agencies estimated 6.8 million Venezuelans had left the country (with 26.9 million remaining). Some 5.8 million of these migrants fled to other Latin American and Caribbean countries. Migrants have faced obstacles keeping jobs and accessing health care during the pandemic; they are vulnerable to human trafficking and other abuses. In 2021, Colombia and Peru began granting temporary protected status to Venezuelans. International Response The international community is divided on policies toward Venezuela. The United States has encouraged other countries to sanction Maduro officials, hold the Maduro government responsible for human rights abuses, and

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