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1 1 (June 29, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govehxp0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Con gressionaI Research SerVice informing Ih egsaive( deate sne 1914 S June 29, 2022 Ukrainian Military Performance and Outlook The Ukrainian Armed Forces (UAF) continue to face disadvantages in seeking to defend Ukraine's territorial integrity against Russian military forces. On the one hand, since Russia's renewed invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the UAF has successfully defended against, and in some areas pushed back, Russian forces. On the other hand, this resistance has come with losses in personnel and equipment, and the overall outlook for the war remains uncertain. The Biden Administration and Congress have expressed support for Ukraine's defense of its territorial integrity against Russia's invasion. An understanding of the evolving state of the UAF may be of interest to Congress as it continues to weigh policies potentially supporting Ukraine's defense against Russian aggression. Personnel Some observers note that the UAF's initially positive overall performance is due in part to the experience and motivation of its personnel. The UAF has continued to benefit from high levels of recruitment and motivation. High losses, however, pose an ongoing challenge to the UAF's ability to maintain effective and sustained operations. Since 2014, the UAF has gained important combat experience fighting Russian-led forces in the Eastern Ukraine regions of the Donbas, which has led to a large proportion of trained, experienced veterans among Ukraine's population. These veterans and other volunteers (including foreign recruits, some with previous military experience) were quickly mobilized into Ukraine's new, volunteer Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) and Reserve, without the need for lengthy training. Additionally, the high level of experience and training among the recruits meant they were able to operate artillery, tank, and support systems that traditionally require time for reservists or volunteers to master. These units were crucial in supporting and enabling regular UAF units to spearhead resistance and counteroffensives in multiple areas. Since the beginning of the 2022 war, Ukraine reportedly has suffered high levels of casualties. In early June 2022, Ukrainian officials estimated losses of up to 100-200 killed in action each day, but officials have not provided precise figures. Losses are likely higher among regular UAF and Special Forces units, forcing a greater reliance on TDF and Reserve units. Due to losses and the need to rotate out troops, Ukraine has had to recruit and train a substantial amount of replacements. Unlike the initial period of war when most recruits were veterans, most new recruits and volunteers have little military experience. As a result, it takes longer for the UAF to train new recruits. The UAF also faces two major hurdles to training and deploying new personnel. First, like many militaries, Ukraine was in the process of developing a professional noncommissioned officer (NCO) corps along NATO standards before Russia's 2022 invasion. The UAF did not have a fully developed professional NCO corps by the time of the invasion and continued to deal with issues with retention, professional development, and funding. As described previously, the high proportion of trained veterans, many with combat experience, mitigated to some degree the need for an established NCO corps to train and command new recruits. However, with mounting UAF losses and recruits with no experience as replacements, continuing the development of an effective NCO corps will likely remain a major challenge and a key UAF priority. Second, the UAF's need for immediate reinforcements creates pressure to train new recruits to only the bare minimum levels. Training recruits to conduct complex operations and operate advanced weapon systems takes longer, but both areas are widely considered necessary for the UAF to sustain combat operations in the current conflict. Equipment To date, the UAF also has sustained equipment losses. Some UAF units appear to be operating without mechanized or motorized vehicles support, likely due to losses and maintenance issues. On June 15, Ukrainian Brigadier General Volodymyr Karpenko estimated that some UAF units sustained losses of up to 50% of their equipment. Although this could be an overestimation, it also likely reflects the UAF's need for further support across tanks, armored personnel carriers, and artillery systems. Ukrainian officials have emphasized their need for long- range rocket and artillery systems to counter Russia's quantitative and qualitative advantage in long-range fire. At the start of the war, Ukraine still relied on Soviet and Russian 122mm and 152mm caliber rocket and artillery systems. Ukraine also had a smaller number of longer-range 220mm and 300mm rocket systems, but it is unclear how many are still in service. The UAF relies primarily on Soviet-era and Russian equipment. Russia has targeted Ukraine's large defense industry with long-range missile strikes, affecting Ukraine's ability to maintain, repair, and produce equipment and ammunition to sustain operations. Ukraine's capacity to repair and maintain equipment is likely degraded due to Russian targeting, posing a hurdle to the UAF's ability to sustain operations. Additionally, the Ukrainian defense industry is likely unable to produce complex systems in

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