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1 1 (September 1, 2021)

handle is hein.crs/govegvj0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service nfarming Ih legisative debate since 1914 U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview The United States maintains sanctions on Russia related to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, malicious cyber activities and influence operations (including election interference), human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to the governments of Syria and Venezuela, use of energy exports as a coercive or political tool, and other harmful foreign activities. Sanctions against Russian individuals, entities, vessels, and aircraft (hereinafter, persons) may include the blocking of assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's defense and energy sectors. Invasion of Uktraine Most Russian persons subject to U.S. sanctions are designated in response to Russia's 2014 invasion and occupation of Ukraine's Crimea region and parts of eastern Ukraine. The United States has imposed Ukraine-related sanctions on about 735 persons, including about 75 designations for a wider range of malign activities (totals throughout are current as of the start of September 2021). A series of executive orders issued in 2014 (E.O.s 13660, 13661, 13662, and 13685), based on national emergency authorities and codified by the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.), provides a framework for sanctions on those the President determines have undermined Ukraine's security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity, or have misappropriated state assets. The E.O.s also authorize sanctions on Russian government officials and persons who operate in the Russian arms sector, other key sectors of the Russian economy, or occupied Crimea. In addition, they prohibit U.S. business, trade, or investment in occupied Crimea. Sectoral sanctions, in particular, apply to specific entities in Russia's financial, energy, and defense sectors. U.S. persons are restricted from engaging in specific transactions with these entities, subject to directives issued by the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Sectoral sanctions also prohibit U.S. trade related to the development of Russian deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale oil projects and such projects worldwide in which specified entities have an ownership interest of at least 33% or a majority of voting interests. Updated September 1, 2021 Maliious Cyber Activities and Influence Operations Sanctions imposed on Russian persons in response to malicious cyber activities and influence operations in the United States or elsewhere are based on four authorities: * E.O. 13694, as amended by E.O. 13757 (and codified by CRIEEA), against those who engage in cyberattacks (1) against critical infrastructure, (2) for financial or commercial gain, (3) to significantly disrupt the availability of a computer or network, or (4) to interfere with U.S. election processes and institutions. * E.O. 13848, against foreign persons who have engaged in, sponsored, concealed or otherwise been complicit in foreign interference in a United States election. * CRIEEA, Section 224 (22 U.S.C. 9524), against those who have engaged in activities undermining cybersecurity against any person, including a democratic institution, or government on behalf of the Russian government. * E.O. 14024, against those responsible for or who have engaged in malicious cyber-enabled activities, election interference, the undermining of democratic processes or institutions, and other harmful foreign activities on behalf of the Russian government. Under one or more of these authorities, the United States has designated about 170 Russian persons, including Russia's leading security agency (FSB) and military intelligence agency (GRU). Designations also include a network of persons related to Russian financier Yevgeniy Prigozhin, the Internet Research Agency Prigozhin reportedly financed to conduct influence operations in the United States, and other Prigozhin-linked operations in Africa and elsewhere. Under Section 231 of CRIEEA (22 U.S.C. 9525), the United States also has imposed sanctions on foreign entities engaged in significant transactions with Russia's defense or intelligence sectors. The United States has designated Chinese and Turkish defense agencies and related persons for taking delivery of S-400 surface-to-air missile systems (as well as, in China's case, Su-35 combat aircraft). Corruption and Human Rights Abuse The Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-208, Title IV; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note) requires the President to impose sanctions on those he identifies as having been involved in a criminal conspiracy uncovered by Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky and his subsequent imprisonment and death. The act also requires the President to impose sanctions on those he finds have committed gross

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