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1 1 (December 1, 2021)

handle is hein.crs/govegrr0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service Informfing Ih legisIative cI bat £since 1914 Defense Primer: Cyberspace Operations Overview The Department of Defense (DOD) defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. The DOD Information Network (DODIN) is a global infrastructure carrying DOD, national security, and related intelligence community information and intelligence. Cyberspace operations are composed of the military, intelligence, and ordinary business operations of the DOD in and through cyberspace. Military cyberspace operations use cyberspace capabilities to create effects that support operations across the physical domains and cyberspace. Cyberspace operations differ from information operations (IO), which are specifically concerned with the use of information-related capabilities during military operations to affect the decision making of adversaries while protecting our own. IO may use cyberspace as a medium, but it may also employ capabilities from the physical domains. Cyberspace operations are categorized into the following: * Offensive Cyberspace Operations, intended to project power by the application of force in and through cyberspace. These operations are authorized like operations in the physical domains. * Defensive Cyberspace Operations, to defend DOD or other friendly cyberspace. These are both passive and active defense operations and are conducted inside and outside of DODIN. * DODIN Operations, to design, build, configure, secure, operate, maintain, and sustain DOD communications systems and networks across the entire DODIN. Cyber Strategy In September 2018, the White House released a national cyber strategy consisting of four pillars: (1) protecting the American people, homeland, and way of life by safeguarding networks systems, functions and data; (2) promoting prosperity by nurturing a secure, thriving digital economy and fostering strong domestic innovation; (3) preserving peace and security by strengthening the ability of the United States, its partners, and allies to deter and punish those who use cyber maliciously; and (4) advancing influence to extend the key tenets of an open, interoperable, reliable, and secure internet. Following these pillars, DOD released its own cyber strategy outlining five lines of effort: (1) build a more lethal Updated December 1, 2021 force; (2) compete and deter in cyberspace; (3) strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships; (4) reform the department; and (5) cultivate talent. Three operational concepts identified in the DOD Cyber Strategy are to conduct cyberspace operations to collect intelligence and prepare military cyber capabilities to be used in the event of crisis or conflict, and to defend forward to disrupt or halt malicious cyber activity at its source, including activity that falls below the level of armed conflict. Defending forward may involve a more aggressive active defense, meaning activities designed to disrupt an adversary's network when hostile activity is suspected. Cyber Mission Force DOD began to build a Cyber Mission Force (CMF) in 2012 to carry out DOD's cyber missions. The CMF consists of 133 teams that are organized to meet DOD's three cyber missions. Specifically, Cyber Mission Force teams support these mission sets though their respective assignments: * Cyber National Mission Teams defend the nation by seeing adversary activity, blocking attacks, and maneuvering in cyberspace to defeat them. * Cyber Combat Mission Teams conduct military cyber operations in support of combatant commands. * Cyber Protection Teams defend the DOD information networks, protect priority missions, and prepare cyber forces for combat. * Cyber Support Teams provide analytic and planning support to National Mission and Combat Mission teams. CMF teams reached full operational capacity at over 6,200 individuals in May 2018. Organizationally, the Cyber Mission Force is an entity of the United States Cyber Command. United States Cyber Command In response to the growing cyber threat, in 2009 the Secretary of Defense directed the establishment of a new military command devoted to cyber activities. USCYBERCOM's stated mission is to to direct, synchronize, and coordinate cyberspace planning and operations to defend and advance national interests in collaboration with domestic and international partners. Elevated to a unified combatant command in May 2018, USCYBERCOM is commanded by a four-star general, who is also the director of the National Security Agency and chief of the Central Security Service. The commander manages day-to-day global cyberspace operations and leads defense and protection of DODIN. Each of the military services provides support to USCYBERCOM.

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