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1 1 (March 28, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govefmi0001 and id is 1 raw text is: U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine Updated March 28, 2022 In advance of Russia's attack on Ukraine, the Biden Administration and the 117th Congress had boosted security assistance to Ukraine and continue to consider further options. Since Russia launched its invasion in February 2022, the Biden Administration has authorized a total of $1.35 billion to provide immediate security assistance to help Ukraine meet the armored, airborne, and other threats it is facing. In addition, the Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103, Division N) includes $3.5 billion to replenish Department of Defense (DOD) equipment stocks that have been or are to be sent to Ukraine and $650 million in Foreign Military Financing (FMF) for Ukraine and countries impacted by the situation in Ukraine. Defense appropriations also include $300 million for DOD's Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI). Even prior to the start of the war, Ukraine was a leading recipient of U.S. military aid in Europe and Eurasia. From 2014, when Russia first invaded Ukraine, through March 2022, the United States has committed more than $4 billion in State Department- and DOD-funded security assistance to help Ukraine preserve its territorial integrity, secure its borders, and improve interoperability with NATO. Overview of Programs Since 2014 The United States has used a variety of security assistance programs and authorities to help build the defensive capacity of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (UAF) through train, equip, and advise efforts across multiple spending accounts. Two of the primary mechanisms are the State Department's FMF (22 U.S.C. §2763) and DOD's Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI; P.L. 114-92, §1250) (see Table 1). USAI packages have included training, equipment, and advisory efforts to enhance Ukraine's defensive capabilities such as maritime domain awareness; operational safety and capacity of air force bases; and the lethality, command and control, and survivability of the UAF. USAI also supports cyber defense and strategic communications to counter Russian cyberattacks and misinformation. A large portion of annual USAI funds is contingent on DOD and the State Department certifying Ukraine's progress on key defense reforms. The Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA), in which the President can authorize the immediate transfer of articles and services from U.S. stocks without congressional approval in response to an unforeseen emergency, also has provided defense items to Ukraine (Foreign Assistance Act, §506(a)(1)). In February and March 2022, the Biden Administration authorized drawdowns of, respectively, $350 million, $200 million, and $800 million. In addition, the Administration previously authorized a $60 million drawdown in August 2021 and a $200 million drawdown in December 2021. Ukraine also has received assistance pursuant to DOD's security cooperation authorities, notably 10 U.S.C. §333 and 10 U.S.C. §332. Section 333 authorizes training, equipping, and small-scale military construction for specific types of operations. Section 332 promotes civilian control of the military and places civilian advisors from DOD in Ukraine's Ministry of Defense. Since 2014, Ukraine also has received International Military Education and Training (IMET) assistance, which has provided professional military education at U.S. defense institutions for junior, mid-level, and senior Ukrainian military officers. Through the Joint Multinational Training Group-Ukraine, established in 2015, the U.S. Army and National Guard, together with military trainers from U.S. allied states, provided training, mentoring, and doctrinal assistance to the UAF before the war (at a western Ukrainian training facility that was the target of a Russian missile strike in March 2022). The U.S. military also conducts joint military exercises with Ukraine. Separately, U.S. Special Operations Forces have trained and advised Ukrainian special forces. Other State Department- and DOD-funded security assistance has supported conventional weapons destruction, border security, law enforcement training, and counter- weapons of mass destruction capabilities. Provision of Defense Equipment After Russia first invaded Ukraine in 2014, the Obama Administration provided Ukraine nonlethal security assistance, such as body armor, helmets, vehicles, night and thermal vision devices, heavy engineering equipment, advanced radios, patrol boats, rations, tents, counter-mortar radars, uniforms, medical kits, and other related items. In 2017, the Trump Administration announced U.S. willingness to provide lethal weapons to Ukraine. Since 2018, Ukraine has used FMF, as well as some of its national funds, to procure U.S. defense equipment, including Javelin anti-armor missiles and Mark VI patrol boats, through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) system. Ukraine also has used a combination of FMF and national funds to refurbish former U.S. Coast Guard Island-class patrol boats provided through the Excess Defense Articles (EDA; 22 U.S.C. §2321j) program. In addition, Ukraine has purchased firearms, ammunition, ordnance, and other laser, imaging, or guidance equipment directly from U.S. suppliers via the Direct Commercial Sales process. ittps://Crsreports.congress.gt

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