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1 1 (March 11, 2022)

handle is hein.crs/govefka0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional *.Research Service informing the I gisIative debate since 1914___________________ Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: Turkey's Response and Black Sea Access Issues March 11, 2022 Russia's early 2022 invasion of Ukraine has heightened challenges North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally Turkey faces in balancing relations between the two countries and managing Black Sea access, with implications for U.S.-Turkey ties. In recent years, Turkey's links with Russia-especially its 2019 acquisition of a Russian S-400 surface-to-air defense system-have fueled major U.S.-Turkey tensions, triggering sanctions and reported informal congressional holds on arms sales. Turkey's increasing cooperation with Ukraine may have some alignment with U.S. interests in limiting Russia's ability to reassert regional dominance. Turkey has made some efforts to mediate between Russia and Ukraine in the current crisis. For additional context, see CRS Report R44000, Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations In Brief, by Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas. Assessing Turkey's Response In its response to Russia's invasion, Turkey likely hopes to minimize spillover effects to its national security and economy. While Turkey has denounced the invasion and supplied Ukraine with armed drone aircraft and humanitarian assistance, the Turkish government has said Turkey will not join economic sanctions against Russia. The conflict has already worsened Turkey's ongoing domestic currency and inflation crisis, and its economy could be vulnerable to Russian cutoffs of natural gas and wheat exports or military actions in Syria that create new refugee flows. In late February, Turkey acknowledged a state of war between Russia and Ukraine, invoking Article 19 of the 1936 Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (the Montreux Convention), which bars belligerent countries' naval access to and from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits (see Figure 1). A few days earlier, Ukraine had called for the Straits' closure. Shortly after Turkey's decision, Secretary of State Antony Blinken expressed appreciation for Turkey's implementation of the Convention and support for Ukraine. (The United States is not a party to the convention, but has complied with its terms since it went into effect in 1936 as a treaty that is reflective of customary international law.) Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov IN11885 CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

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