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1 1 (June 7, 2021)

handle is hein.crs/govedoj0001 and id is 1 raw text is: U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview Updated June 7, 2021 The United States maintains s anctions on Russia related to Russia's 2014 invasionofUkraine, malicious cyber activities and influence operations (including election interference), humanrights abuses, useofa chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to the governments of Syria and Venezuela, and use of energy exports as a coercive or political tool. Sanctions againstRussianindividuals, entities, vessels, and aircraft (hereinafter, persons) may include the blocking of assets subject to U.S.jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's defense and energy sectors. Invasion of Ukraine Most Russian persons subjectto U.S. sanctions are designated inresponseto Russia's 2014invasionand occupation ofUkraine's Crimea region and parts ofeastern Ukraine. The United States has imposed Ukraine-related sanctions onmore than 735 persons, including about75 designations for a wider range of malign activities (totals throughout are current as of the start of June 2021). A series of executive orders issuedin 2014 (E.O. 13660, 13661, 13662, and 13685), basedon nationalemergency authorities and codified by the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.),provides a framework for sanctions on those the President determines have undermined Ukraine's security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity, orhave mis appropriated state assets. The E.O.s also authorize sanctions on Russian government officials and persons who operate in the Rus sian arms sector, other key sectors of the Russian economy, or occupied Crimea. In addition, they prohibit U.S. business, trade, or investment in occupied Crimea. Sectoral sanctions, in particular, apply to specific entities in Russia's financial, energy, and defenses ectors. U.S. persons are restricted fromeng aging in specific transactions with these entities, subjectto directives issuedby the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Sectorals anctions also prohibit U.S. trade related to the development of Rus sian deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale oil projects and such projects worldwide in which specified entities have an ownership interestofat least 33% or a majority of voting interests. Malicious Cyber Activities and Influence Operations Sanctions imposed on Russian persons in response to malicious cyber activities and influence operations in the United States or elsewhere are based on four authorities: * E.O. 13694, as amended by E.O. 13757 (and codified by CRIEEA), against those who engage in cyberattacks (1) againstcritical infrastructure, (2) for financial or commercial gain, (3) to significantly disrupt the availability of a computer or network, or (4) to interfere with U.S. election processes and institutions. * E.O. 13848, against foreignpersons whohave engaged in, sponsored, concealedorotherwisebeencomplicit in foreign interference in a United States election. * CRIEEA, Section 224 (22 U.S.C. 9524), againstthose who have engaged in activities undermining cybersecurity against any person, including a democratic institution, or government on behalf of the Russian government. * E.O. 14024, against those responsible for or who have engaged in malicious cyber-enabled activities, election interference, the undermining of democratic processes or institutions, and other harmful foreign activities on behalf of the Russian government. Under one or more of these authorities, the United States has designated about 170 Russian persons, including Russia's leading security agency (FSB) and military intelligence agency (GRU), as of early June 2021. Designations also include a network ofpersons related to Russian financier Yevgeniy Prigozhin, the Internet Research Agency Prigozhin reportedly fmanced to conduct influence operations in the United States, and Prigozhin- linked political, security, and economic operations in Africa and elsewhere. Under Section 231 of CRIEEA (22 U.S.C. 9525), the United States also has imposed s anctions on foreign entities engaged in s ignificant transactions with Russia's defense or intelligence sectors. The United States has designated Chinese and Turkish defense agencies andrelated persons for taking delivery of S-400 surface-to-air mis sile systems (as well as, in China's case, Su-35 combat aircraft). Corruption and Human Rights Abuse The SergeiMagnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-208, Title IV; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note) requires the President to impose sanctions on those he identifies as having been involved in a criminal conspiracy uncovered by Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky andhis subsequent imprisonment and death. The act also requires thePresident to impose sanctions on those he finds have committed gioss violations of internationally recognized human rights against individuals fighting to expose the illegal activity of Rus sian government officials or seeking to exercise or defend humanrights andfreedoms. As of May 2021, 55 persons are designated under the Sergei Magnitsky Act. https://crsrepc

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