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handle is hein.crs/govecbh0001 and id is 1 raw text is: rassiortoI Seseorch Service hloiming the kQi~IaFv~ debate i~nce W14 S Updated January 4, 2021 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Invasive Species Efforts An invasive species is a nonnative species thatdoes oris likely to cause economic or environmentalharmorharm to human health. Invasive species impact terrestrial and aquatic-including marine and freshwater-systems. As society has become more connected, opportunities for the spread of invasive species have increased(e.g., navigation activities can transport species and introduce themto multiple different watersheds and waterbodies). After introduction, invasive species may become established and spread; it can be costly and difficult (or impossible, in sont cases) to control or eradicate them. Many federal and nonfederal agencies managing land and water undertake efforts to preventthe introduction and spread of invasive species or, upon detection of an invasive species, devote resources to control and eradication efforts. For more information on invasive species, see CRS In Focus IF11011, Invasive Species:A BriefOverview. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), part of the Department of Defense, develops and maintains civil works projects in the United States principally to improve navigable channels, reduce flood and stormdamage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. USACEis the stewardof approximately 12 million acres of public lands and waters at hundreds of water resources projects nationwide. Invasive species can impact USACEprojects by outcompeting native species, clogging waterpipes, and affecting water quality andrecreation. Invasive species affecting USACEprojects include Asian carp, zebra and quaggamussels, feralhogs, andhydrilla, among others. USACE projects also can serve as a vector for transporting invasive species that damage other water bodies. Congress has authorized various programs for USACEinvasive species activities and, starting in recent years, has increased the scope of the authorizations as well as appropriations for these activities. This In Focus presents information on USACE invasive species funding and selected authorities, programs, and projects, as wellas related legislative action in the 116th Congress. USACE Invasive Species Activities USACE generally undertakes efforts to prevent or reduce the introduction and establishment of invasive species at its projects, pursuant to its nationwideinv asive species policy, engineering regulations, andproject andprogrammatic authorizations (some of which authorize specific invasive species control and eradication activities). USACEtypically funds invasive species work for individual projects through project funding lines in the Operation andMaintenance (O&M) account; project planning documents address the nature of work at the project level. USACE als o pursues invasive species research that may involve field studies at USACEprojects. Aspartofits regulatory responsibilities, USACE also may require applicants to considerinvasive species control. USACE spent an estimated $164.9 million on invasive species activities in FY2020. Invasive species spending can be divided by response type. Figure 1 shows the spending breakdown for the type of USACEinvasive species workin FY2020. Figure 1. USACE Invasive Species Estimated Spending by Response Activity, FY2020 Restoration, 6% Research, 6% Education & Public _ Awareness, 4% Leadership & Coordination, 1% Total: $165 million (estimated) Source: CRS, with data from USACE, Engineer Research and Development Center. Note: USACE estimates spending forfiscal years based on previous fiscal year expenditu res, projections of work, and any known additions of funding. USACE Invasive Species Programs USACE has severalprograms that direct specific invasive species activities. Congress funds these programs annually. Aquatic Plant Control Program. Section 104 of the River and Harbor Act of 1958, as amended (33 U.S.C. §610), authorizes the Aquatic Plant Control Program, a program for the prevention, control, and progressiveeradication of noxious aquatic plant growths and aquatic invasive species in U.S. waters. The programsupports research and development of managementsolutions for invasive aquatic plants that affect USACEmis sions. The Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-121) amended this authority to also allow for USACEto establish watercraft inspections stations in selected river basins to prevent the spread of aquatic invasive species, including plants and animals (such as quaggaand zebra https://crs reports.congress.gc

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