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1 1 (December 30, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/goveats0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Congressional Research Service Updated December 30, 2020 Defense Primer: Intelligence Support to Military Operations The bulk of the Intelligence Community (IC), eight of 17 total elements, resides within the Department of Defense (DOD). This includes the National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency (NGA), and the intelligence components of the Navy, Army, Marines, and Air Force. Non-DOD IC elements, however, also provide support to the military. Integrated IC support of the military includes strategic, operational, and tactical intelligence activities, products and services that are necessary for military strategy, planning, and operations. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) serves as community manager for the IC and the principal intelligence advisor to the President. The core mission of the DNI is to lead the IC in intelligence integration to ensure the IC's 17 component organizations operate as one team. The Under Secretary of Defense (Intelligence and Security) (USD(I&S)) manages the DOD intelligence elements. His position is dual-hatted. When acting as the USD(I&S), the incumbent reports directly to the Secretary of Defense and serves as the Secretary's principal staff assistant on intelligence, counterintelligence, security, and other intelligence-related matters. When acting as Director of Defense Intelligence (DDI), the incumbent reports directly to the DNI and serves as his principal advisor on defense intelligence matters. Together, the DNI and USD(I&S) coordinate a number of interagency activities designed to facilitate the seamless integration of national and tactical-level intelligence. Types of Military Operations The IC supports the entire spectrum of DOD missions, from peacetime operations to war. Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence, loosely groups DOD missions under three headings: * Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence. Examples include military exchanges, arms control verification, sanctions enforcement, protection of shipping lanes, shows of force, and support to insurgency and counterinsurgency operations. * Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations. Examples include noncombatant evacuation operations; stability or peacekeeping operations; humanitarian assistance; personnel or equipment recovery operations; and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear response actions. * Major Military Operations and Campaigns. These types of operations include U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan where military forces generally have a lengthy, multidimensional presence. The examples listed above (associated with more limited operations-such as humanitarian assistance) may also occur within this category as part of a larger military operation. Intelligence Support Table 1 summarizes the responsibilities of joint intelligence to assist commanders in deciding which forces to deploy; when, how, and where to deploy them; and how to employ them in a manner that accomplishes a specific mission. It is based upon development of an understanding of the commander's priorities. Table I. Joint Intelligence Responsibilities in Military flnarn+inne Source: Joint Publication 2-0, joint Intelligence, Figure 1-2, p. 1-3. Intelligence to inform the commander may include providing information about actual and potential threats, terrain, climate and weather, infrastructure, cultural characteristics, medical conditions, population, and leadership. Intelligence that describes the operational environment may help in identifying and characterizing variables such as the political context; governance; economy; social stability; critical infrastructure; communications; physical setting; and military capability, intentions, and tactics. Intelligence to identify, define, and nominate objectives includes creating an intelligence collection plan based on the commander's priorities, and creating possible battlefield targets focused on achieving the commander's objectives. Intelligence to support planning and execution of operations may include enhancing information sharing across departments and agencies of the government, and with international partners; allocating intelligence platforms to provide optimized support, establishing mutual support arrangements with host country nationals; and providing indications and warning of attack. Intelligence to counter adversary deception and surprise may include providing information on an adversary's capabilities and vulnerabilities; estimates of when, where, and how military forces could exploit their information superiority; and the threat an adversary poses to friendly information and information systems. ttps://crsr

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