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1 1 (December 30, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/goveatm0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Updated December 30,2020 Defense Primer: Budgeting for National and Defense Intelligence Introduction Intelligence Community (IC) programs include the resources (money and manpower) to accomplish IC goals and responsibilities as defmedby the U.S. Code and Executive Order 12333. IC programs are funded through the: (1) NationalIntelligence Program(NIP), which covers the programs, projects, and activities of the IC oriented toward the strategic requirements ofpolicymakers, and (2) Military Intelligence Program(MIP), which funds defense intelligence activities intended to support tactical military requirements and operations. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security (USD(I&S)) manage the NIP and MIP, respectively, under different authorities. NIP and MIP Spending At the present time, only the NIP topline figure must be publicly disclosed based on a directivein statute. The DNI is not required to disclose any other information concerning the NIP budget, whether the information concerns particular intelligence agencies or particular intelligence programs. Althoughnot statutorily required to do so, the Secretary of Defense also discloses annual MIP appropriations figures backto 2007. For FiscalYear (FY) 2019, funding appropriated for the NIP and MIP totaled $81.7 billion (NIP $60.2 billion, MIP $21.5 billion). ForFY2020, funding appropriated for the NIP and MIP totaled $85.8 billion (NIP $62.7 billion, MIP $23.1 billion). The aggregate NIP/MIP figurerequestedforFY2021 is $85.0 billion (NIP $61.9 billion, MIP $23.1 billion). Background National Intelligence Program (NIP) The origins of the intelligence budget, separate anddistinct from the defense budget, date to reforms initiatedin the 1970s to improve oversightand accountability of the IC. At that time, the NationalForeign Intelligence Program(NFIP) was managed by the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, and overseen by the National Security Council(NSC). Congress redesignated the NFIP as the NIP in the Intelligence Reform and TerrorismPrevention Act (IRTPA) of2004 (P.L. 108-458 § 1074). The IRTPA also provided for a number of additional IC reforms , including the po sition of DNI. The DNI was given more budgetary authority over the NIP than the DCIhad over the NFIP. Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 104 provides overall policy to include a des cription ofthe DNI's roles andresponsibilities as programexecutive of the NIP. Military Intelligence Program (NIP) Military -specific tactical and/or operational intelligence activities were not included in the NFIP. They were known as Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities (TIARA) and managed separately by the Secretary of Defense. TIARA referred to the intelligence activities ofa single service that were considered organic to military units. In 1994, Congress created a new category called the JointMilitary Intelligence Program(JMIP) for defense -wide intelligence programs. In 2005, the Secretary of Defense signed a memorandumthat merged TIARA and JMIP to formthe MIP. DOD Directive 5205.12, signed in November 2008, established policies and assigned responsibilities, to include the USD(I&S)'s role as programexecutive ofthe MIP, acting on behalf of the Secretary of Defense. The IC established organizing principles called Rules of the Road to loosely explain the two budget programs' different but related structures. A programis primarily NIP if it funds an activity that supports more than one departmentor agency (such as satellite imagery), or provides a service of common concern for the IC (such as secure communications). The NIP funds the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the strategic intelligence activities as sociated with the National Security Agency (NSA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). A programis primarily MIP if it funds an activity that addresses a unique DOD requirement. Additionally, MIP funds may be used to sustain, enhance, or increase capacity/capability ofNIP systems. The DNI and USD(I&S) work together in a number of ways to facilitate the integration of NIP and MIP intelligence efforts. Mutually beneficialprograms may receive both NIP and MIP resources. Two Budget Processes: IPPBE & PPBE The IC's Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Evaluation (IPPBE) process allocates funding and personnelresources supporting IC-wide capabilities through the development and executionofthe NIP and its as sociated budget. TheNIP addresses priorities describedin nationals ecurity-related documents such as the National Intelligence Strategy. The IPPBEprocess applies to all 17 components of theIC (IC elements are specified by 50 U.S.C. § 3003(4)). Programmanagers control NIP resources aligned with requirements for IC capabilities such as geospatial intelligence, signals intelligence, andhuman intelligence-capabilities that may span several IC components. https://crs rept

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