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1 1 (September 28, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govdbzt0001 and id is 1 raw text is: FF. ' riE ,E-' $rh , , Updated September 28, 2020 Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) W~h,,a k NADC2 Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is the Department of Defense's (DOD's) concept to connect sensors from all of the military services Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Space Force into a single network. Traditionally, each of the military services developed its own tactical network that was incompatible with those of other services (i.e., Army networks were unable to interface with Navy or Air Force networks). DOD officials have argued that future conflicts may require decisions to be made within hours, minutes, or potentially seconds compared with the current multiday process to analyze the operating environment and issue commands. They have also stated that the Department's existing command and control architecture is insufficient to meet the demands of the National Defense Strategy (NDS). Congress may be interested in the concept because it is being used to develop many high-profile procurement programs for all of the military services. DOD uses ride-sharing service Uber as an analogy to describe its desired end state for JADC2. Uber combines two different apps one for riders and a second for drivers. Using the respective users' position, the Uber algorithm determines the optimal match based on distance, travel time, and passengers (among other variables). The application then seamlessly provides directions for the driver to follow, delivering the passenger to their destination. Uber relies on cellular and Wi-Fi networks to transmit data to match riders and provide driving instructions. sensors, processing the data using artificial intelligence algorithms to identify targets, then recommending the optimal weapon both kinetic and nonkinetic (e.g., cyber or electronic weapons) to engage the target. Some analysts take a more skeptical approach to JADC2. They raise questions about its technical maturity and affordability, and whether it is even possible to field a network that can securely and reliably connect sensors to shooters and support command and control in a lethal, electronic warfare-rich environment. Analysts also ask who would have decisionmaking authority across domains, given that, traditionally, command authorities are delegated in each domain rather than from an overall campaign perspective. Some also question how much a human will be needed for JADC2 to make decisions in real time, and whether it is appropriate to reduce the amount of human involvement in military-related decisions. The future operating environment articulated by the NDS, the NDS Commission, and other sources describes how potential adversaries have developed sophisticated anti- access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities (see Figure 2). These capabilities include electronic warfare, cyber weapons, long-range missiles, and advanced air defenses. U.S. competitors have pursued A2/AD capabilities as a means of countering traditional U.S. military advantages such as the ability to project power and improving their ability to win quick, decisive engagements. Figure 2. A2IAD Environment Figure I. Visualization of JADC2 Vision Source: https://www.monch.com/mpg/news/ew-c4i-channel/7334- saic-and-usaf-partner-for-jadc2.html. JADC2 envisions providing a cloud-like environment for the Joint force to share intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance data, transmitting across many communications networks, to enable faster decisionmaking (see Figure 1). JADC2 intends to enable commanders to make better decisions by collecting data from numerous Source: https://www.japcc.org/electronic-warfare-the-forgotten- discipline/. Senior DOD leaders have stated that access to information will be critical in the future operating environment. In addition, these leaders have stated that to challenge potential peer adversaries, a multidomain approach is p\w -- , gn'a', goo mppm qq\ , q I 's 11LULANJILiN,

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