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1 1 (April 9, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govckzs0001 and id is 1 raw text is: FF.ri E.$~ & Updated April 9, 2020 Turkey-U.S. Relations: Timeline and Brief Historical Context This timeline tracks major developments from the beginning of close U.S.-Turkey ties after World War II to the present. The information provides context for lawmakers assessing the tenor and trajectory of current bilateral relations on issues ranging from general strategic cooperation to timely regional concerns and domestic Turkish politics. Soviet pressure on the Turkish government to allow free passage through the Turkish straits (the Bosphorus and Dardanelles) and its territorial claims in eastern Anatolia threatened to precipitate hostilities between the two states, whose predecessors (the Russian and Ottoman Empires) had fought 12 wars over the preceding four centuries. Turkey turned to the United States for support. Mutual opposition to Soviet expansion would underpin Turkey- U.S. ties in the coming decades. 1945 Turkey declares war on Germany and Japan in February; becomes founding member of the United Nations 1946 In response to Soviet demands on Turkey for shared administration of the straits, the United States counters Soviet pressure by sending ships to Turkish waters 1947 Congress designates Turkey (along with Greece) a special recipient of anti-Soviet aid under the Truman Doctrine 1950 Turkish troops join U.S.-U.N. forces in the Korean War 1952 Turkey becomes a member of NATO 1954 U.S. and Turkey agree to joint use of what becomes Incirlik Air Base; U.S. and Turkey sign first status of forces agreement 1955 Turkey helps form Baghdad Pact to resist Soviet aggression 1960 First military coup in Turkey; civilian rule returns with elections in 1961 1962 Resolution of Cuban Missile Crisis includes U.S. agreement to remove nuclear-armed Jupiter missiles (judged by the U.S. to be obsolete) from Turkey An i -s .. knge 17 U.S.-Turkey relations were particularly challenged by Turkey's frequent clashes with fellow NATO member Greece over the ethnically divided island of Cyprus. Anti- Americanism grew as Turks increasingly debated the benefits and drawbacks of the bilateral relationship. Letter from President Lyndon Johnson to Turkish Prime Minister Ismet Inonu (known as the Johnson Letter) communicates U.S. opposition to Turkish intervention in Cyprus after ethnic Greek-Turkish power sharing breaks down Turkey's second military coup occurs with the government's resignation amid increasing street violence; elections resume in 1973 Turkey, using U.S.-supplied equipment, occupies the northern third of the island of Cyprus (an occupation that has continued to the present) on behalf of Turkish Cypriot minority, following a coup that installed a more pro-Greek government on the island Congress freezes aid and imposes arms embargo on Turkey for its actions in Cyprus Turkey abrogates U.S. status of forces agreement; takes control of U.S. installations; U.S. forces performing NATO functions remain After intense lobbying by multiple presidential administrations and several votes to partially lift the embargo, Congress fully repeals it The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and Iran's Islamic Revolution heightened the strategic importance of the Turkey-U.S. relationship for American interests in the broader Middle East. United States and Turkey sign Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement Turkey's third coup in response to social and political turmoil; elections resume in 1983 Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) begins significant operations in its armed insurgency in southeastern Turkey Turkey allows the use of its airspace and bases for U.S. and coalition aircraft participating in Gulf War and for the postwar patrolling of northern Iraq S- , ,e--.men, -'99 -002 Turkey's relative importance for U.S. policymakers declined in the immediate aftermath of the Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, but focus remained on a number of regional developments involving Turkey. ~fl:O~ p\w -- , gnom goo mppm qq\ , q I 'S 11LIANJILiN,

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