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1 1 (January 11, 2017)

handle is hein.crs/govccvt0001 and id is 1 raw text is: &~ ~ riE SE ~$rCh &~ ~ ~ Updated January 11, 2017 Federal Efforts to Control Invasive Plant and Animal Species An invasive species (also known as an alien, exotic, injurious, introduced or naturalized, non-native, nonindigenous, nuisance, or noxious species) refers to an animal or plant that is introduced into an environment where it is not native. Of particular concern are non-native animal and plant species that have caused or seem likely to cause substantial economic or ecological harm. However, not all non-native species are invasive or harmful. The introduction of invasive species to the United States from around the globe whether deliberate or unintentional-can pose threats to native animal and plant communities and may result in extinctions of native species, ecosystem disruptions as native and non-native species compete for limited resources, reduced biodiversity, and altered terrestrial or aquatic habitats. Invasive species may also introduce new pests and diseases. An estimated 50,000 non-native invasive animal and plant species have been introduced to the United States, resulting in economic costs estimated at more than $100 billion annually. Various invasive species have had severe economic impacts on U.S. industries and the natural environment. Damage can span an enormous range of effects, such as power outages; loss of farmland property value; contamination of grain; spread of human and other diseases; increased operating costs; loss of irrigation water; collapse of buildings; competition with native plants; loss of sport, game, or endangered species; and ecosystem disturbance. Some invasive plants have been notorious for years for causing economic and ecological damage. For example, leafy spurge is lowering the forage value of western grazing land and reducing overall land values. Others include kudzu, melaleuca, cordgrass, tamarisk, purple loosestrife, spotted knapweed, and Russian thistle. Their damage includes lowering water tables, poisoning livestock, decreasing crop yields, and increasing pest control costs. Invasive invertebrates are also well known and include gypsy moths, Japanese beetles, Asian longhorn beetles, zebra and quagga mussels, Asian tiger mosquitoes, fire ants, and Africanized honey bees, among others. An example of a damaging non-native insect species is the light brown apple moth, a native pest of Australia, which has been detected in California and is causing damage to a wide range of plant species and commercial fruit and vegetable crops. Zebra and quagga mussels from Eastern Europe are clogging intakes for urban water supplies and nuclear power plants in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi basin. Introduced vertebrate pests including walking catfish, lake trout, cane toads, monk parakeets, starlings, bighorn sheep, nutria, and rats can also have serious economic and ecological impacts. An example includes Burmese pythons, which are multiplying in south Florida, becoming a top carnivore, and killing large numbers of native species of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Introductions also include various human parasites and diseases. Pathways for Invasive Species Introductions * Transportation Corridors such as railroads, rivers, and highways that may unintentionally spread invasive species * Intentional Introductions such as non-native landscaping plants or fish species for use by aquaculture facilities, as well as other deliberate releases for propagation in the wild (such as tamarisk to control erosion along river banks) * Intentional Importation of Non-Native Pets that may escape or are released into local lkes, streams, or forests Basic Control Methods for Invasive Species * Preventing Dispersal After Entry by taking steps early to limit the spread of an invasive species that has lbegun to escape confinement by removing the pests' sources of food, water, and slhelter or blocking their access into buildings or plants to prevent population gowth * Controls Designed for Confined Spaces such as using lethial substances to target pests in confined areas or to prevent them from crossing a geogaphic bottleneck * Cultural Controls such as agricultural production practices that modify a pest's environment or habitat to curtail its spread by reducing its ability to survive, disperse, establish, or reproduce (examples include crop rotation, intercropping, managed application of water or fertilizer, improved sanitation and hygiene, timed plantings and harvests, purch asing of certified plants, and other practices) * Mechanical and Physical Controls suchi as mowing and use of heavy machinery (harvesters, shredders), traps, or mulches/barriers to manage weeds; and manual controls (hand-pulling weeds, physical removal of a plant or animal) * Baits and Attractants to attract individuals of a target species toward a potential source of food or mates, where the target species can be trapped, killed, or studied * Biological Control Organism to compete with, prey on, parasitize, or cause disease in a targeted pest species * Chemical Control Agents such as pesticides and other manufactured (conventional) controls as well as natural (biological) sources and biopesticides derived from natural materials, animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals * Site Removal of an area where the invasive species lives * Bounties and Commercial Exploitation, where someone is paid to catch and kill the target species * Use of Other Species for Detection suchi as training dogs to detect a target species at high-risk entry points (airports, cargo terminals, dockyards) 0 i p\w -- , gnom goo mppm qq\ a , q 'S I 11\111WILiN,

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