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1 1 (March 23, 2020)

handle is hein.crs/govcaus0001 and id is 1 raw text is: , . ' iE SE .r , i , U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview The United States has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to its invasion of Ukraine, election interference, other malicious cyber activities, human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria and Venezuela. Sanctions against Russian persons (defined to include individuals, entities, vessels, and aircraft) may include blocking of assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's defense and energy sectors. For more, see CRS Report R45415, U.S. Sanctions on Russia. Most U.S. designations of Russian persons to be subject to sanctions have been in response to Russia's 2014 invasion and occupation of Ukraine's Crimea region and parts of eastern Ukraine. The United States has imposed Ukraine- related sanctions on about 690 persons (totals throughout are current as of March 23, 2020). A series of executive orders issued in 2014 (EOs 13660, 13661, 13662, and 13685), based on national emergency authorities and codified by the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.), establish a framework for Ukraine-related sanctions on those the President determines have undermined Ukraine's security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity, or misappropriated state assets. The EOs also established sanctions against designated Russian government officials and persons who operate in the Russian arms sector, key sectors of the Russian economy, or occupied Crimea. They also prohibit U.S. business, trade, or investment in occupied Crimea. Sectoral sanctions, in particular, apply to specific entities in Russia's financial, energy, and defense sectors. U.S. persons are restricted from engaging in specific transactions with these entities, which are identified as subject to directives issued by the Department of the Treasury. Restrictions apply to new equity investment and financing for specified entities in Russia's financial sector, and new financing for specified entities in Russia's energy and defense sectors. Sectoral sanctions also prohibit U.S. trade related to the development of Russian deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale oil projects and such projects worldwide in which specified entities have an ownership interest of at least 33% or a majority of voting interests. M,,ddc§u,,m (2'ber Sanctions imposed on Russian persons in response to malicious cyber activities are based on three authorities. EO - mmm, go mppm qq\ , q I aS 11LIANJILiN, Updated March 23, 2020 13694, as amended by EO 13757 (and codified by CRIEEA), targets those who engage in cyberattacks (1) against critical infrastructure, (2) for financial or commercial gain, (3) to significantly disrupt the availability of a computer or network, or (4) to interfere with U.S. election processes and institutions. Second, CRIEEA, §224, requires the President to impose sanctions in response to a range of activities conducted on behalf of the Russian government that undermine cybersecurity against any person, including a democratic institution, or government. Third, EO 13848 authorizes sanctions against foreign persons that have directly or indirectly engaged in, sponsored, concealed or otherwise been complicit in foreign interference in a United States election. Under one or more of these authorities, the United States has designated for activities related to election interference at least 49 Russian persons, including Russia's leading intelligence and military intelligence agencies. Several designated persons also have been indicted by the Department of Justice for related crimes. About 50 Russian persons have been designated for malicious cyber activities unrelated to election interference (including six who have been designated for both). Under Section 231 of CRIEEA, the Administration also has imposed sanctions on foreign entities engaged in significant transactions with the Russian defense or intelligence sectors. A Chinese defense agency and its director have been designated for taking delivery of combat aircraft and S-400 surface-to-air missile systems. In 2019, Turkey also took possession of S-400 missile systems and India reportedly made an advance payment for S-400 systems. As of March 2020, the Trump Administration has not imposed Section 231 sanctions on Turkey or India or issued a national security waiver to avert sanctions. The Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-208, Title IV; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note) requires the President to impose sanctions on those he identifies as having been involved in a criminal conspiracy uncovered by Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky and his subsequent imprisonment and death. The act also requires the President to impose sanctions on those he finds have committed human rights abuses in Russia against individuals fighting to expose the illegal activity of government officials or seeking to exercise or defend internationally recognized human rights and freedoms. Fifty-five persons are designated under the Sergei Magnitsky Act. Two other Russian persons have been K~:>

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