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1 1 (December 19, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govbezu0001 and id is 1 raw text is: FF . ' riE .-. h ,,.! , Updated December 19, 2019 Defense Primer: Emerging Technologies Senior U.S. defense and intelligence officials have the FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 115- identified a number of emerging technologies that could 232, §1051) established a National Security Commission on have a disruptive impact on U.S. national security in the Artificial Intelligence to assess U.S. competitiveness in Al years to come. These technologies include and offer recommendations to Congress. * artificial intelligence, ... t.c,, rsVk * lethal autonomous weapons, Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS) are a class of weapon systems capable of independently identifying a * hypersonic weapons, target and employing an onboard weapon system to engage * directed-energy weapons, and destroy the target without manual human control. LAWS require computer algorithms and sensor suites to * biotechnology, and classify an object as hostile, make an engagement decision, * quantum technology, and guide a weapon to the target. This capability would enable the system to operate in communications-degraded As these technologies continue to mature, they could hold or -denied environments where traditional systems may not significant implications for congressional oversight, U.S. bebe ert defense authorizations and appropriations, military concepts of operations, and the future of war. LAWS generally do not yet exist, and some senior military and defense leaders have expressed concerns about the ethics of ever fielding such systems. For example, in 2017 Although there is no official U.S. government definition of testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, artificial intelligence (AI), Al generally refers to a computer Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Paul system capable of human-level cognition. Al is currently Selva stated, I do not think it is reasonable for us to put being incorporated into a number of military applications, robots in charge of whether or not we take a human life. including intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; Currently, there are no domestic or international legal logistics; cyber operations; command and control; and prohibitions on the development of LAWS; however, an semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles. As it develops, international group of government experts has begun to Al could enable new concepts of operations, such as discuss the issue. Approximately 25 countries have called swarming (i.e., cooperative behavior in which uninhabited for a preemptive ban on the systems due to ethical vehicles autonomously coordinate to achieve a task), that considerations, while others have called for formal could present both challenges and opportunities for the U.S. regulation. DOD Directive 3000.09 establishes department military. guidelines for the development and fielding of LAWS to Recent news reports and analyses have highlighted the role ensue that they comply with the law of war, applicable of Al in enabling increasingly realistic photo, audio, and treaties, weapon system safety rules, and applicable rules of video digital forgeries, popularly known as deep fakes. engagement. Adversaries could potentially deploy this Al capability as ,e-ao' s part of their information operations in a gray zone cofct. De iforaketechnooeioud be u agrait toe Hypersonic weapons which fly at speeds of at least Mach conflict. Deep fake technology could be used against the 5 are in development in a number of countries, including United States and its allies to generate false news reports, the United States. There are two categories of hypersonic influence public discourse, erode public trust, and attempt to blackmail diplomats. Some have suggested that Al could weapons: be used to create full digital patterns-of-life, in which an * Hypersonic glide vehicles (HGV) are launched from a individual's digital footprint is mapped against other rocket before lidin to a target. personal information, such as spending habits and job history, to create comprehensive behavioral profiles of * Hypersonic cruise missiles (HCM) are powered by servicemembers, suspected intelligence officers, high-speed engines throughout the duration of their government officials, and private citizens. Similar to deep flight. fakes, this information could, in turn, be used for targeted influence operations or blackmail. In contrast to ballistic missiles, hypersonic weapons do not follow a ballistic trajectory and can maneuver en route to To coordinate defense-wide Al efforts, the Pentagon their destination, making defense against them difficult. established the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC, Currently, no such defense against hypersonic weapons pronounced jake) in June 2018 under the Department of exists, no such defense on hesoility, Defense's (DOD's) Chief Information Officer. In addition, exists, and experts disagree on the affordability, K~:> gognpo goo , q g 'S a X

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