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1 1 (August 29, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govbawr0001 and id is 1 raw text is: \ , Congressional Research Service Iforming th e iative debat since 1914 U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview The United States imposes sanctions on Russian persons (individuals, entities, and vessels) in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, election interference, other malicious cyber-enabled activities, human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria and Venezuela. Sanctions against Russian persons may include blocking of assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including limiting or prohibiting transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's energy and defense sectors. For more, see CRS Report R45415, U.S. Sanctions on Russia. Invasion of Ukraine Most U.S. designations of Russian persons subject to sanctions are in response to Russia's 2014 invasion and occupation of Ukraine's Crimea region and areas of eastern Ukraine, as well as its maritime aggression near the Sea of Azov. To date, the United States has imposed Ukraine- related sanctions on more than 665 persons. The basis for most Ukraine-related sanctions is a series of executive orders (EOs 13660, 13661, 13662, and 13685) that were issued in 2014 and codified by the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.). The EOs provide for sanctions against those the President determines have undermined Ukraine's security and stability; misappropriated Ukrainian state assets; or conducted business, trade, or investment in occupied Crimea. They also provide for sanctions against Russian government officials and those who offer them support, persons who operate in the Russian arms sector, and persons who operate in key sectors of the Russian economy. Sectoral sanctions, in particular, apply to specific entities in Russia's financial, energy, and defense sectors. U.S. persons are restricted from engaging in specific transactions with these entities, which are identified as subject to one of four directives. Restrictions apply to new equity investment and financing for identified entities in Russia's financial sector, and new financing for identified entities in Russia's energy and defense sectors. Sectoral sanctions also prohibit U.S. trade related to the development of Russian deepwater, Arctic offshore, or shale projects that have the potential to produce oil and, as amended by CRIEEA, such projects worldwide in which identified entities have an ownership interest of at least 33% or a majority of voting interests. Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities Sanctions imposed on Russian persons in response to malicious cyber activities are based on two authorities. The Updated August 29, 2019 first is EO 13694, as amended by EO 13757 (and codified by CRIEEA). This executive order targets those who engage in cyberattacks (1) against critical infrastructure, (2) for financial or commercial gain, (3) to significantly disrupt the availability of a computer or network, or (4) to interfere with U.S. election processes and institutions. The second authority is CRIEEA, Section 224, which requires the President to impose sanctions in response to a range of activities conducted on behalf of the Russian government that undermine cybersecurity against any person, including a democratic institution, or government. Under these authorities, the United States has designated for election-related malicious cyber activities at least 40 Russian persons, including Russia's leading intelligence agency (FSB) and military intelligence (GRU). Many of these designees have been indicted by the Department of Justice's Special Counsel's Office for crimes related to election interference. Six of these persons, and at least another 20, also have been designated for other malicious cyber-related activities, including the 2017 NotPetya global ransomware attack and cyberattacks against the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Also in response to malicious cyber-enabled activities, CRIEEA, at Section 231, requires the President to impose sanctions on any person who engages in significant transactions with the Russian defense or intelligence sectors. In September 2018, the Administration designated the Equipment Development Department of China's Central Military Commission, as well as its director, for taking delivery of 10 combat aircraft and surface-to-air missile system-related equipment. Turkey also has begun to take possession of surface-to-air missile systems from Russia. As of August 2019, the Trump Administration has not imposed Section 231 sanctions in response. Human Rights Abuse and Corruption The Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-208, Title IV; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note) requires the President to impose sanctions on persons he identifies as having been involved in a criminal conspiracy uncovered by Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky or his subsequent imprisonment and death. The act also requires the President to impose sanctions on those he finds have committed human rights abuses against individuals who are fighting to expose the illegal activity of Russian government officials or seeking internationally recognized human rights and freedoms. httfps:!crsreports cong ress.g

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