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1 1 (August 13, 2019)

handle is hein.crs/govbate0001 and id is 1 raw text is: kI , :Congressional Research Service Ifo rmrng the Vegiative debate since 1914 0 August 13, 2019 Convergence of Cyberspace Operations and Electronic Warfare Over the past two decades, cyberspace operations have become an important element in military operations. Electronic warfare (EW) has been a component of military operations since the advent of the radio at the beginning of the 20th century. These two types of operations are becoming somewhat analogous as technical capabilities converge, yet historical divides between EW and cyber operations remain in Department of Defense (DOD) organization and doctrine. Both cyberspace operations and EW are efforts to dominate aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) that transmit packets of information. As such, EW and cyberspace operations have traditionally been used as part of a broader information operations (1O) campaign, and previously existed in joint doctrine as two of the five pillars of 1O (along with psychological operations, military deception, and operations security). These capabilities are increasingly being used in support of operations in the information environment (IE)-the aggregate of social, cultural, cognitive, technical and physical attributes that ultimately affect action. Current and evolving DOD doctrine refers to EMS operations and cyberspace operations as separate but related to operations in the IE. Cyberspace Operations (CO) Cyberspace operations are defined by DOD as the military, intelligence, and ordinary business operations of the DOD in and through cyberspace. Military cyberspace operations use cyberspace capabilities to create effects that support missions in both physical domains and cyberspace. DOD categorizes cyberspace operations as follows: * Offensive cyberspace operations, intended to project power by the application of force in and through cyberspace. These operations are authorized like operations in the physical domains. * Defensive cyberspace operations, intended to defend DOD or other friendly cyberspace. Defense operations are both active and passive conducted inside and outside of DOD information networks (DODIN). * DODIN operations, to design, build, configure, secure, operate, maintain, and sustain DOD communications systems and networks across the entire DODIN. Electronc Warfare (EW) Since the introduction of two-way radios, militaries have become highly dependent on the EMS. This reliance has expanded over the past century to include nearly every weapon system. Applications include * radio frequencies to communicate with friendly forces; * microwaves for tactical data-links, radars, and satellite communications; * infrared for intelligence and to target enemies; and * lasers to communicate, transmit data, and potentially destroy a target. Modern militaries rely on communications equipment that uses broad portions of EMS to conduct military operations. This allows forces to talk, transmit data, provide navigation and timing information, and to command and control forces all over the world. They also rely on the EMS to determine where adversaries are and what they are doing, where friendly forces are, and what effects weapons achieve. Because of this dependency, modern militaries attempt to dominate EMS through electronic warfare. From the perspective of military operations, there are three broad divisions of electronic warfare: * Electronic protection involves actions to protect access to EMS for friendly military assets. * Electronic attack uses electromagnetic energy to degrade or deny an enemy's use of EMS. * EW support identifies and catalogues emissions of friendly or enemy forces either to protect U.S. forces or develop a plan to deny an enemy's access to EMS. These subsets of EW often mutually support each other in operations. For example, radar jamming (electronic attack) can serve a protection function for friendly forces to penetrate defended airspace; it can also prevent an adversary from having a complete operating picture. EW may attack and defend the EMS using cyber capabilities, while cyber operations may target parts of the EMS that are vulnerable to EW. Differences and Overlap Part of the convergence involves not just similarities in technical capabilities, but also cyberspace operations being used to provide EW effects, and vice versa. Cyberspace operations attempt to deny an adversary access to their computer networks using software and computer codes. EW affects communications between networks using radio jamming or other spectrum controls, while cyber operations use computer code to provide a range of effects from disruptive (e.g., denial of service attacks) to destructive (e.g., physically damaging computer components and platforms). The most recognizable convergence of electronic warfare and cyberspace operations is when forces transmit computer code to inject it into an adversary's network. In these types of operations, radios can transmit data packets httfps:crsreports cong ress.g

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