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596 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 6 (2004)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0596 and id is 1 raw text is: Preface By JANICE FANNING MADDEN The past thirty years have seen dramatic increases in the numbers of women being prepared for professions in which few women had previously been employed, including law, medicine, academe, corporate management, engineering, and financial management. For example, women earned 2.8 percent of the MBAs awarded in 1971 but 40.7 percent by 2001 and, similarly, 0.6 percent of the Ph.D.s in engineering in 1971 but 16.5 percent by 2001. The female percentages for Ph.D.s in other sub- jects for these years, respectively, are 16.3 and 44.1 percent in the life sciences, 28.8 and 60.3 percent in English, and 24.0 and 68.3 percent in psychology.' Women earned 5.4 percent of law degrees in 1970 but 47.3 percent by 2001 and 8.4 percent of medical degrees in 1970 but 43.3 percent by 2001.2 Women's dramatic increases in professional educational attainment are the culmination of longer-term trends in women's participation in the paid labor force. Over the past century, the proportion of women in the labor force grew steadily (Goldin 1990). While these trends have been accompanied by increases in the propor- tions of women who are not married and by decreases in the number of children born to the average woman, the employment patterns have also changed dramatically for mothers. Over the past thirty years, the most rapid growth in labor force participation has been among married Janice Fanning Madden is a professor of sociology, real estate, and regional science at the University of Pennsyl- vania and a former director of the Alice Paul Center for Research on Women and Gender. She came to Penn in 1972 after completing a Ph.D. in economics at Duke Uni- versity. Her research concentrates on the effects of race, gender, and urban location on labor market outcomes. She has written numerous articles in professional jour- nals and four books: The Economics of Sex Discrimina- tion (1972, reprinted 1975); Post-Industrial Philadel- phia (1990); Work, Wages, and Poverty (1991); and Changes in Income and Inequality within U.S. Metro- politan Areas (2000). DOI: 10.1177/0002716204268886 ANNALS, AAPSS, 596, November 2004 6

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