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454 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. vii (1981)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0454 and id is 1 raw text is: PREFACE When I contributed my first article on race relations to a volume of THE ANNALS, it was 1956 and not quite two years after the momentous Brown decision of the United States Supreme Court reversed the separate but equal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution which had ruled American race relations for half a century. Many of the articles in that volume, entitled Racial Desegregation and Integration, reflected the then-current concern with the newly emergent prospects for eliminating racial discrimination from government and government-related activities, such as public education, and for promoting integration and non- discriminatory practices in such areas as employment, public accommoda- tions, and housing. The primary emphasis in those articles was on relations between Whites and-in the accepted nomenclature of the time-Negroes, with some limited and residual attention devoted to other racial minorities. This new volume, America as a Multicultural Society, appears exactly 25 years later after a period of portentous events, shattering upheavals, and significant developments which have rendered many of the previous formulations and conceptions in the racial and ethnic field partially, though hardly completely, inoperative, and which have produced contending and passionately held interpretations of the meaning and implications of these pregnant events and developments of the past quarter of a century. The dramatic marches and sit-ins of the Civil Rights movement-responses to the delaying tactics in implementing the Brown decision; the rise of black militancy and black cultural nationalism in the late 1960s and 1970s; the assassinations of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King; the racial riots in many of America's cities, stemming from the despair and frustration of the black residents of America's urban ghettos; the emergence of court-ordered busing to effect school integration and the appearance of affirmative action as a government-mandated policy in employment and higher educa- tion; the development of heightened ethnic consciousness both among other racial minorities and among white people of European origin (the so- called white ethnics); the dramatic and significant growth of the Hispanic population both in the Southwest and selected states on the Eastern seaboard; and the legislative changes in American immigration policy ef- fected in 1965 which set in motion new patterns of racial and ethnic entry into the United States (not to speak of the significant growth in the number of illegal or undocumented aliens living within American borders)-all these events have combined to produce a new and more complex era of racial and ethnic relations in the United States and have brought to the fore many difficult and vexing issues which require thoughtful policy decisions by the American people. Among these issues are the following: what is the proper role of govern- ment in bringing about racial and ethnic equality? what, in fact, is equality? is it equality of opportunity or equality of result or condition? how valid and vii

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