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247 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. vi (1946)

handle is hein.cow/anamacp0247 and id is 1 raw text is: FOREWORD

WE live in a world in which the po-
litical and social conditions of one conti-
nent perceptibly influence those of an-
other. This is now so true no informed
person is unconscious of it. However,
this influence is all too often reflected
in excited tremors of opinion set up by
odd pieces of rumor and information.
It remains difficult-and probably will
always be difficult-for large numbers
of people in one country really to un-
derstand the conditions of another.
The more enlightened peoples and
governments are bending their efforts
more and more intensely to understand-
ing and assisting in a comprehension of
the social conditions of other peoples
and the complex social problems which
confront their governments. This is in-
deed an effort prerequisite to intelligent
international co-operation and to peace
itself, and perhaps never more so than
at the present time in the case of coun-
tries which were overrun by the Nazi
hordes and are now struggling with
their intricate problems of reconstruc-
tion.
Belgium has once more been through
a European war which eventually in-
volved the greater part of the world.
It has once more been at the crossroads
of Germanic invasion and subjected to
a complex system of foreign governance.
It was among the first of the countries
of Europe to be liberated. It has
worked hard at rebuilding its political,
economic, and social life. Because of
these facts, it has frequently been in
the newspapers and sometimes conspicu-
ously so. Its stresses and strains, as its
achievements and successes, are by no
means over, their causes being far from
superficial and capable of solution by
easy remedies. Hence, the usefulness
of an analysis of Belgian problems and
of an understanding of those problems

by other people. Otherwise, it becomes
impossible to understand the national
and international policies which devel-
oped from them.
Belgium is not only of interest in
itself but is an excellent country through
which to view Europe. In many ways,
it is a cross section of Europe. It is a
significant country not only agricultur-
ally but industrially. It is densely
populated. It lies between the north
and south of Europe, its people combin-
ing the industriousness of a northern
people with the gaiety of a southern.
They are steady yet emotional, practi-
cal yet artistic, frugal yet fond of good
living, influenced both by traditions
and by progressive, democratic ideas,
clinging resolutely to much of their
past but watching eagerly for new
ideas. Over the centuries, Belgium has
been a miniature melting pot of Euro-
pean characteristics. Economically, and
thus politically and intellectually, Bel-
gium is tied closely to Europe by a lace-
work of rivers, canals, railroads, high-
ways, and airways.
It is needless to say that the over-
whelming defeat of the western de-
mocracies in 1940 led to a re-evaluation
of their position by the Belgians. This
re-evaluation did not lead to the same
conclusions by   all individuals, and
hence there developed in Belgium vari-
ous degrees of resistance and, side by
side with this, various degrees of col-
laboration. As every other liberated
country, Belgium has thus had its prob-
lem of readjusting its more active re-
sistance groups to normal political and
social processes and of establishing and
punishing the collaborators. An out-
side observer may, perhaps, be per-
mitted to confirm the impression which
newspapers have conveyed to many
Americans that in this process of re-
vi

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