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                    6. The Geography of Traditional Families in America


                                      Charles Murray
                                American Enterprise Institute
                                        April 2023


Every  generation, civilization is invaded by barbarians-we   call them  'children.' These
words, often attributed to Hannah Arendt, express a truth that societies have known since societies
began: Children must be socialized. Two other truths that societies have instinctively known for
millennia are that the birth parents must be the primary actors and that marriage is the best
framework.
     Modern  social science has accumulated a half century of evidence corroborating this ancient
wisdom,  comparing  how children from various family structures fare as adults. The unvarying
finding, whether  measured   by  arrest records, substance  abuse,  educational attainment,
employment,  income,  or emotional well-being, is that, on average, children growing up with
married birth parents fare better than children growing up in any alternative arrangement. This
does not imply that all children raised by married birth parents turn out well nor that all children
in other family structures turn out poorly. The question is which family structure works best. No
serious scholar disputes the answer.
     The rankings of the alternative arrangements that involve only one birth parent are less clear.
The next-best alternative would seem to be a remarried birth parent, on grounds that two parents
are better than one. But the data are equivocal, and understandably so. Stepparents and stepchildren
sometimes  resent each other, and stepparents often don't have the same authority as a birth parent
in the child's eyes. Moreover, child abuse by males is perpetrated overwhelmingly by a stepfather
or cohabiting boyfriend who is not the birth father.
     The  comparison between a single divorced parent and a single never-married parent is also
complicated. On  average, children growing up with a divorced parent do better than children

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