HeinOnline is a subscription-based resource containing thousands of academic and legal journals from inception; complete coverage of government documents such as U.S. Statutes at Large, U.S. Code, Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Reports, and much more. Documents are image-based, fully searchable PDFs with the authority of print combined with the accessibility of a user-friendly and powerful database. For more information, request a quote or trial for your organization below.
![handle is hein.amenin/aeiaeks0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Key Points
Counriesaround Hewnord provide bilionso] dola's everyyear oragricuturalsupport,
with most of the benefits accruing to rniddle- and Hio V-income farmers.
a Critics of agricultural subsidies rnay prefer a total olobal rollback out this is widely
believed to be politicaily untenable. n response, many have proposed repurposing
subsidies to serve cl-mate and nutrition goais.
s Pepurposing subsidies to focus on either nutrition or climate change rnay positively
affect one o rb oth objectives, b ut th e overal effect sare surp risingy srn ail and can involve
outcornes that benefit one obiective at the expoense of the other.
Recent st3dies project that based on cir re;t
trends. goerrnent s around the world will likely
provide over .240 billion i agricultural support
by 200 The support i s ) pro'videO in 3m3 any' wa's,
including border measures such as tariffs that pro-
vide miarlke' price s'upp ort and income susid ies
based on pro duction, input use, or fixed factors of
pro duction 31 such as land that provide inconie sup-
port to producers,
About half of all subsidies and other forms of
su3pport flows to producers in high-income countres
(HICs). Another third beiief.4t ro duers in upper-
mradle-income i uiantries ' UMiCs) , and aibo'it one-
sixth (almost all te rest) is provided to producers
in ,A w.3rail t8-iceme tO cinti'ies iLMVIs ) In
contrast, farmers in low-income countries (LlCs)
receiv ''' bene fits Irs i argricltur13al support
p ro grams,'
Many econ mnisits, perhaps n ost no iably Pr%-
tessor D. Gale JdnliEion in the early 1970s, have
long criticized agric ulturai suipport ior distorting
farmers' production decisions and agricultural
Imarkets? Such subsidles create large negative
impacts for the broader cornmsniry, Contributing
to po rer water quality, increased greenhouse gas
)GHG) emissions, soil erosion in fragile lands, loss
of wildlife taitat, and 0 ther eirn ta144 0 114 ri con-
cerns? Nuirtionists have criticized subsidies as
encoturaging Cf iiuial th d i es anld c iii ibu n to
Obesity and major health care challenges Sich as
heart disease and diabetes
An obvious way `v3 E' m inraate these externai-
ties would s imply be to eliifnailit ricltri sup-
pa r' al 'togeer. However, the issue is whether and
how to compensate affected producers in ways
th a m3't 3k u c 4 reforms pol ticayi tebiule.
Mor recently, several studies have considered the
lImEalts o. re'pus.ng 4a d rEdirecting a4g'icl-
tira support programs roware achieving enviro n-
men talc eimate, and niiatriti0nal uitc miies? Unbi3der
these proposals, typically equivalent ies'ei of sub-
sidiies and 0 ther form sa _ of' go vernment support](ViewImageLocal?handle=hein.amenin/aeiaeks0001&div=1&collection=&method=preview&ext=.png&size=3)