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1 1 (June 15, 2021)

handle is hein.amenin/aeaieas0001 and id is 1 raw text is: Key Points Desoite downside to a govemmenr premiseo on consensus, it is the cnv viao e stand- ard for decision rakinr in a nation as diverse as the United States. In a diverse coun-ry, the best way to enerate ;oyalty to the government is to offer mean - ingui participatior in the lawmaking process. Consensus anone is capable of doing this. hree examps trom eary American history-the fight over the Jay-Gardoqui Treaty in 1786, the Creait Conmronise of 1787, and the Nullifhcation Crisis of 1832----demon- , ate the necessity of consensus `or generating loyaiLy to the national governmen In the previous entry in this series, i enumerated the main disadvantages of a government prem sec on consensus, emphasizing the difficulty of expe- ditious action. henever Justice or the general welfare rquires the government to change policy quickly, a government like the American Constitu- tion will perform less ahly than one like the mod- em Britain syste'. When weighed against thwe main virtue of a system based on consensus- namely, reducing sef-interested factional policy- making- a hit of an i.mpasse appears. We seem to be left to pick our poison: a government that is reasonaly fir uit grossly inefficient or one that is expeditiots and potentially unjust. However, consensus-. holds a decisive advantage as the foir- dation of our government because it is a necessa'y condition for holding together a nation as large and diverse as tae United States. In an essay for the Noational Gazette published in 1792 tied Spirits of Government, Jares Madi- son argued that governments be properly divided, a cording to ther r edominrait \pirI and prin c-- ples into three species of which the following are examples I The First, :.adison noted, was a gov- ernent operating by a permanent military force, which at once mamnta is the government, and is maintained by it- which is at once the cause of burdens on the people, and of submission in the people to their 1diens.' This is the type of gov- ernment, he noted under which human nature has groaned through every age, The second type is an oligarchy that operates by corrupt influence; substituting the motive of private interest in place of prub- lic duty; converting its pecuniary dispen- sations into bounties to favorites, or bribes to opponents; accommodating its

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