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84 Police J. 13 (2011)
Making Sense of the Relationship between Trafficking in Persons, Human Smuggling, and Organised Crime: The Case of Nigeria

handle is hein.journals/policejl84 and id is 15 raw text is: TOM ELLIS Principal Lecturer, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth JAMES AKPALA Former Masters student, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth MAKING SENSE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, HUMAN SMUGGLING, AND ORGANISED CRIME: THE CASE OF NIGERIA Trade in human beings, and Nigeria's role in it, is a contested area. This article first sets out to provide an integrated picture, from the varied academic and policy output, of human traffick- ing and smuggling, focused on a market picture that is able to incorporate both genders and diverse forms of exploitation, i.e., forced labour, prostitution and domestic servitude. It then outlines how organised crime operates under this model in the specific Nigerian context. Finally, the article reports the main results of a small exploratory study carried out with Nigerian law enforcement officers who work on the front line in tackling trafficking and smuggling. Keywords: human smuggling; human trafficking; law enforcement; Nigeria; organised crime Introduction Trafficking in persons has become more widespread and com- plex since the end of the Cold War (Truong & Angeles, 2005: 1), forming what Morrison and Crosland (2000: 5) described as the 'dark side of globalisation', with a disproportionate impact on third world countries ( Parent & Bruckert, 2002: 4). International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates suggest that global profits from trafficking in persons were around $31.6 billion annually (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNDOC), 2008: 96) and the United Nations' estimates show the profit from trading in human beings ranks among the top three revenue sources for The Police Journal, Volume 84 (2011) 13 DOI: 10.1358/pojo.2011.84.1.507

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