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72 Foreign Aff. 22 (1992-1993)
The Clash of Civilizations

handle is hein.journals/fora72 and id is 508 raw text is: The Clash of Civilizations?
Samuel P. Huntington
THE NEXT PATTERN OF CONFLICT
WORLD POLITICS IS entering a new phase, and intellectuals have
not hesitated to proliferate visions of what it will be-the end of his-
tory, the return of traditional rivalries between nation states, and the
decline of the nation state from the conflicting pulls of tribalism and
globalism, among others. Each of these visions catches aspects of the
emerging reality. Yet they all miss a crucial, indeed a central, aspect
of what global politics is likely to be in the coming years.
It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this
new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic.
The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of
conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful
actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will
occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash
of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between
civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.
Conflict between civilizations will be the latest phase in the evo-
lution of conflict in the modern world. For a century and a half after
the emergence of the modern international system with the Peace of
Westphalia, the conflicts of the Western world were largely among
SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON is the Eaton Professor of the Science of
Government and Director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic
Studies at Harvard University. This article is the product of the Olin
Institute's project on The Changing Security Environment and
American National Interests.
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