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89 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1227 (1994-1995)
Issue 4

handle is hein.journals/illlr89 and id is 1247 raw text is: Copyright 1995 by Northwestern University, School of Law Printed in U.S.A. Northwestern University Law Review VoL 89, No. 4 ARTICLES REFLEXIVE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW Eric W. Orts* I. INTRODUCrON .......................................... 1229 II. TRADITIONAL STRATEGIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ............................................ 1235 A. Command-and-Control and Its Critics .............. 1235 B. Market-Based Environmental Regulation ........... 1241 HI. A THEORY OF REFLEXIVE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ...... 1252 IV. THE EMERGENCE OF REFLEXIVE ELEMENTS IN CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ........................ 1268 A. Reflexive Aspects of Market-Based Environmental Regulation .......................................... 1269 B. The National Environmental Policy Act ............. 1272 C. Enforcement Policies and Sentencing Standards in Environmental Law ................................. 1275 1. Environmental Auditing Policy .................. 1275 2. Environmental Prosecution Policy ............... 1278 3. Environmental Sentencing Guidelines ........... 1281 D. Voluntary Government-Sponsored Programs ........ 1284 V. THE EUROPEAN Eco-MANAGEMENT AND AUDrr SCHEME ............................................... 1287 A. Description and Analysis ....... .............. 1289 1. Voluntary Participation .......................... 1290 2. Industrial Enterprises ............................ 1294 3. Site-Based Process ............................... 1296 4. Initial Environmental Review .................... 1298 5. Environmental Programs ........................ 1299 * Nelson Peltz Term Assistant Professor of Legal Studies, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. B.A., Oberlin College, M.A., New School for Social Research; J.D., University of Michigan; J.S.D., Columbia University. The Reginald H. Jones Center for Management Pol- icy, Strategy, and Organization provided funding for this research. I am grateful for comments from Tom Dunfee, Susan Freiwald, Kinnan Goleman, Michael Herz, Paul Kleindorfer, Jim Krier, Howard Kunreuther, Bill Laufer, and John Parkinson. Richard Shell and Aidan Synnott gave helpful comments at early stages of drafting. I benefited from presenting versions of the paper to my colleagues at Wharton and to faculty at the University of Texas. Any errors are mine. I thank Natalia Bragilevskaya, Tamara English, and Rae Hall-Goodman for secretarial support, and Julie Berkun, David Brady, Marco Gabriele, Steve Ross, and Tanuja Varaprasathan for research assistance. Special thanks to my wife, Janet. 1227

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