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29 Ariz. St. L.J. 353 (1997)
In Praise of Theory

handle is hein.journals/arzjl29 and id is 365 raw text is: IN PRAISE OF THEORY
Ronald Dworkin*
I. INTRODUCTION
I want to thank Professor Murphy very much for a really splendid
introduction.  I am  very grateful.  I am  very grateful, too, for the
opportunity to give the Order of the Coif Lecture, not just because of its
remarkable auspices, but because the lecture was the culmination of my first
visit to the American Southwest, which was spectacular. I saw everything
there was to see, sometimes in the driving rain and sometimes in the bitter
cold, but it was all marvelous.
As Professor Murphy indicated, I am going to address the role of
theory in legal reasoning and legal practice.  Examples are better than
anything, so I will start with some. Suppose that a woman has taken generic
pills that turned out to have very damaging side effects. Many different
manufacturers manufactured the pills, and she does not have any idea who
made the actual pills she bought and took from one year to the next, and
therefore no idea whose pills caused her injuries. Can she sue any or all of
the drug manufacturers? Or do we insist that no one is liable in tort for
damage that he or she or it did not cause? Lawyers have argued both sides.
Some, including the California Supreme Court, have said that the drug
manufacturers are jointly and severally liable.' Others insist that none of
them is liable, and the woman's loss, sadly, is an uncompensable loss in law.
Suppose (to provide a different example) that people burn American flags by
way of political protest, and the question arises whether the government can
make that a crime consistently with the First Amendment. Again, as you
know, lawyers and others have taken different views. The Supreme Court
replied no, but many lawyers continue to think it made a mistake of
constitutional law.  There are thousands of other examples of deep
controversies about what the law is. The Supreme Court is about to hear a
case on appeal from the Ninth Circuit in which an even more daunting
question is raised: whether the Constitution grants some right, at least in
*   Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford University, and Professor of Law and Philosophy,
New York University. This essay is adapted from my Order of the Coif Lecture.
1.  See Sindell v. Abbott Labs., 607 P.2d 924, 935-38 (1980).

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