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38 Vand. L. Rev. 431 (1985)
Landlord Liability for Crimes Committed by Third Parties against Tenants on the Premises

handle is hein.journals/vanlr38 and id is 445 raw text is: Landlord Liability for Crimes Committed by Third Parties Against Tenants on the Premises I. INTRODUCTION .................................. 432 II. THE LEGAL HISTORY: PROPERTY AND TORT PRINCI- PLES THAT HAVE SHAPED THE LANDLORD'S RESPONSI- BILITIES ........................................ 433 A. Common-Law Origins of the Landlord-Tenant Relationship .............................. 433 B. The Expansion of Landlord Liability in Tort 434 C. The Expansion of Landlord Liability for Crimes of Third Parties .................... 436 D. The Lease as Contract: Housing Codes ...... 438 III. THE LIABILITY DECISIONS: TORT, WARRANTY OF HAB- ITABILITY, OR CONTRACT ......................... 440 A. Kline v. 1500 Massachusetts Avenue Apart- ment Corp.: Tort .......................... 440 B. Trentacost v. Brussel: Warranty of Habitabil- ity ....................................... 442 C. Flood v. Wisconsin Real Estate Investment Trust: Contract ............................ 444 IV. THE EMERGING HYBRID SOLUTION ................ 446 A. Development of a Liability Theory .......... 446 B. Duty: The Tort Theory Duty of Care ....... 447 1. Policy Justifications ................... 447 2. Judicial Recognition .................. 448 3. Bases of the Duty .................... 451 (a) Statutes ....................... 451 (b) Contract: Express and Implied Warranties of Security ......... 452 4. Scope of the Duty .................... 454 (a) The Landlord Is Not an Insurer of Tenants' Safety ............. 454 (b) Foreseeability Based on Knowl- edge of Prior Crimes ........... 454 C. Causation ................................. 456 D . Proposal .................................. 458

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