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44 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 104 (1953-1954)
Behavior Symptoms of Lie-Detector Subjects

handle is hein.journals/jclc44 and id is 116 raw text is: BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS OF LIE-DETECTOR SUBJECTS John E. Reid and Richard 0. Arther John E. Reid, Director of John E. Reid & Associates, has made a number of note- worthy contributions to the field of lie detection. This is his third article to appear in this Journal. His previous ones were Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie Detector Tests and a Method for Their Detection (Vol. 36, No. 1) and A Revised Questioning Technique in Lie Detection Tests (Vol. 37, No. 6). Richard 0. Arther is a graduate of Michigan State College with a B.S. degree in Police Administration. In 1951 following his graduation, he pursued the study of scientific lie detection at John E. Reid and Associates for six months, and since then, he has been a member of the staff of that organization. This paper here presented will appear in the forthcoming third edition of Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation by Fred E. Inbau and John E. Reid.-EDITOR. Every competent lie-detector examiner must have observed instances where a subject's general conduct and unsolicited statements before, during, and after a test seemed to indicate his guilt or innocence regard- ing the matter under investigation. In order to make an evaluation of such conduct and statements, a five-year study of a large number of subjects in a variety of case situations was undertaken at the labora- tory of John E. Reid and Associates. During this time the behavior reactions and statements of these subjects were closely observed and immediately written into the case file. The final evaluation of the study had to be confined, of course, to the subjects whose guilt or inno- cence had been verified by trustworthy confessions. In its ultimate analysis the study was based upon observations and data regarding 486 verified guilty and 323 verified innocent subjects who were suspected of various criminal offenses. The behavior symptoms of the guilty and the innocent were found to differ widely in some respects, while in others they were quite simi- lar. Naturally, no specific type of behavior-even though it is highly typical of one or the other group-should ever be considered proof of guilt or innocence, because there are or may be some exceptions to each general rule. Nevertheless, an examiner will find it helpful at times to consider the probable significance of a subject's behavior pattern. BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS OF THE GUILTY As might be assumed, a guilty subject is usually far from anxious to take a lie-detector test. None of the 486 verified guilty subjects examined during the five-year study period had requested the lie-detector test. In a few instances, however, an effort was made to deceive the examiner into believing that the subject himself was the one who orig- inally uggested the test.

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