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65 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 107 (2007)
NAFTA Chapter XI and Canada's Environmental Sovereignty: Investment Flows, Article 1110 and Alberta's Water Act

handle is hein.journals/utflr65 and id is 175 raw text is: NAFTA CHAPTER XI AND CANADA'S ENVIRONMENTAL SOVEREIGNTY: INVESTMENT FLOWS, ARTICLE 1110 AND ALBERTA'S WATER ACT* JOSEPH CUMMING** ROBERT FROEHLICH*** I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 109 II BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 110 Foreign Direct Investment ........................................................................... 110 Past, Present and Future Canadian Treatment of FDI .............................. 111 Policy Objectives of NAFTA Chapter XI .................................................... 112 III CANADA'S INVESTMENT OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE FTA AND NAFTA .......... 114 Chapter XVI of the FTA ............................................................................... 114 Chapter XI of NAFTA .................................................................................. 115 IV THE INCONSISTENT TREATMENT OF CANADA'S INVESTMENT OBLIGATIONS: EXPROPRIATION & REGULATORY TAKING DECISIONS ................................ 116 Case Law Review .......................................................................................... 116 Ethyl Corporation v. Government of Canada ........................................... 116 Sun Belt Water Inc. v. Government of Canada ......................................... 117 Pope & Talbot Inc. v. Government of Canada .......................................... 118 Metalclad Corporation v. The United Mexican States .............................. 119 S.D. Myers Inc. v. Government of Canada ............................................... 121 Methanex Corporation v. United States of America ................................. 123 Conclusions on Article 1110 Case Law ........................................................ 124 V EXAMPLE OF AN ARTICLE 1110 CLAIM ARISING UNDER Alberta's Water Act ............................................................................................ 125 Factual Context ............................................................................................. 125 Application of the International Investment Jurisprudence .................... 126 Investor and Investm ent Thresholds ......................................................... 126 E xpropriation ............................................................................................ 126 O utcom e of the C laim ............................................................................... 129 O ther O ptions for Canada ......................................................................... 131 The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of J. Owen Saunders, Executive Director of the Canadian Institute of Resources Law, for his valuable guidance and input into the preparation of this article. Any errors or omissions are those of the authors alone, and do not represent the views of Macleod Dixon LLP and/or McCarthy Tetrault LLP. B.Comm. (Hons.) (Queen's), LL.B. (Calgary), Court of Appeal for Alberta (Law Clerk), McCarthy Tdtrault LLP (Articling Student) ... B.A. distinction (Calgary), B.A. distinction (Calgary), LLB (Calgary). Student-at-Law with Ma- cleod Dixon LLP in Calgary. University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review / Volume 65 Number 2 / Spring 2007 107

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