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31 Women & Crim. Just. 1 (2021)

handle is hein.journals/wwcj31 and id is 1 raw text is: Women & Criminal Justice, 31: 1-23, 2021 R1 uted © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC RouLhedge ISSN: 0897-4454 print/1541-0323 online Taylor& Francis Group DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1666782 The Double-Victimization of Criminalized Women in Neoliberal Contexts: The Case of Paraguay Jos6 Galeano Monti Mecanismo Nacional de Prevenci6n de la Tortura, Asuncion, Paraguay Natalie Delia Deckard ' University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada Rates of female incarceration have markedly increased since the global ascendance of neoliberal- ism. Drawing on quantitative prison census data and qualitative analysis of inmate interviews, this article asks: Are women rendered vulnerable by neoliberal policies more likely to be victi- mized by state agents when under their control? We interrogate this using the case of Paraguay - positing that paradigmatically neoliberal regimes systematically incarcerate the precarious, and enact physical and emotional violence against them during incarceration. Findings confirm this reality, with marginalized women disproportionately incarcerated, and disproportionately likely to be abused while in custody. This article advances knowledge about criminalization in neo- liberal contexts. Keywords Neoliberalism, critical criminology, Latin America, prison, women INTRODUCTION The feminization of criminality, and with it the demonstrable reality of state violence against marginalized women, is a characteristic of neoliberal governmentality. We use a stark case to build this hypothesis: here considering the realities of post-dictatorship Paraguay. Emerging from an isolated and brutal authoritarian regime in 1989, Paraguay entered the world system as a liberal democracy after the heyday of the development state, and during the ascendance of Washington Consensus neoliberal goals for state development (Hetherington, 2011; Mora, 1993). Social programs that do exist are largely understood to be a remnant of the totalitarian past and thus morally tainted (Hetherington, 2011). In Paraguay, the only historic alternative to dictatorship has been laissez-faire capitalism - creating a national discourse in which neo- liberal ideologies are understood to bring freedom. And, in Paraguay, it is women who are notably, increasingly un-free. Correspondence should be sent to Natalie Delia Deckard, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue - Windsor, Ontario, Canada. E-mail: natalie.deliadeckard@uwindsor.ca

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