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51 J. Offender Rehab. 1 (2012)

handle is hein.journals/wjor51 and id is 1 raw text is: Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 51:1-8, 2012 *i Routledge Copyright 0 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC TlFnGroup ISSN: 1050-9674 print/1540-8558 online DOI: 10.1080/10509674.2012.633016 Introduction to the Special Double Issue: Brief Addiction Interventions and Assessment Tools for Criminal Justice Following decades of continuing growth of prison and jail populations in the United States, 2.3 million people (one in every 133 adults) were incarcerated in 2006 (Sabol, Minton, & Harrison, 2008), representing a rise of 33% from 1996. Of these inmates, 85% were substance involved, including alcohol (57%) and illicit drugs (76%). Almost two thirds (65%) met medical criteria for alcohol or other drug use disorders and one third (33%) were diagnosed with a mental illness; almost a quarter (24%) had co-occurring drug use and mental disorders (CASA, 2010). Women reported only slightly higher rates of drug problems than men (66% vs. 64%), but were almost twice as likely to have combined drug and mental health disorders (41% vs. 22%). Yet only 11% of inmates received any form of professional drug treatment in 2006, and comprehensive evidence-based treatment regimens are rare in these settings. Because incarceration costs to society average $25,144 per inmate annually and more than half (52%) of substance-involved inmates report multiple incarcerations (compared to 31% for others), even marginal expan- sion and improvements to treatment services in correctional settings could yield significant public health, safety, and cost benefits. The articles presented in this special double issue of the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation are intended to help facilitate planning and implementation of treatment innovations, especially for criminal justice (CJ) populations. They build on a previous series of studies published in The Prison Journal (Simpson, Wexler, & Inciardi, 1999) that showed structured addiction treatment programs for offenders are effective, particularly when linked with continuing care during the community reentry phase (Knight, Simpson, & Hiller, 1999; Martin, Butzin, Saum, & Inciardi, 1999; Pearson & Lipton, 1999; Wexler, Melnick, Lowe, & Peters, 1999). These programs were found to be most cost effective when used with higher-severity drug-using offenders (Griffith, Hiller, Knight, & Simpson, 1999), and early dropouts from treatment elevate their inefficiency and costs. Dropout risks were associated with psychosocial dysfunction, criminal orientation, and low treatment readi- ness (Hiller, Knight, & Simpson, 1999), but there are specialized cognitive interventions shown to be effective in therapeutically engaging these high-risk admissions to CJ systems (Blankenship, Dansereau, & Simpson, 1999).

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