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34 Washington Q. 7 (2011)

handle is hein.journals/wingtqurl34 and id is 1 raw text is: Coping with a Conflicted China 2009-2010 will be remembered as the years in which China became difficult for the world to deal with, as Beijing exhibited increasingly tough and truculent behavior toward many of its neighbors in Asia, as well as the United States and the European Union. Even its ties in Africa and Latin America became somewhat strained, adding to its declining global image since 2007.1 Beijing's disturbing behavior has many observers wondering how long its new toughness will last. Is it a temporary or secular trend? If it is a longer-term and qualitative shift toward greater assertiveness and arrogance, how should other nations respond? What the world is witnessing in China's new posture is in part the product of an ongoing intensive internal debate, and represents a current consensus among the more conservative and nationalist elements to toughen its policies and selectively throw China's weight around. Although there seems to be domestic agreement at present, China remains a deeply conflicted rising power with a series of competing international identities. Many new voices and actors are now part of an unprecedentedly complex foreign-policymaking process.2 Consequently, China's foreign policy often exhibits diverse and contradictory emphases. Understanding these competing identities is crucial to anticipating how Beijing's increasingly contradictory and multidimensional behavior will play out on the world stage. Each orientation carries different policy implications for the United States and other nations. David Shambaugh is Professor of Political Science & International Affairs and Director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University, as well as a nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. This article has benefited from the Worldviews of Aspiring Powers project of the Sigur Center for Asian Studies at George Washington University, particularly Project Directors, Professors Henry Nau and Deepa Ollapally, as well as colleague Ren Xiao. Copyright © 2011 David Shambaugh The Washington Quarterly 34:1 pp. 7-27 DOI: 10.1080/0163660X.2011.537974 THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY U WINTER 2011 David Shambaugh

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