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18 J. Ethnicity Crim. Just. 1 (2020)

handle is hein.journals/wecj18 and id is 1 raw text is: JOURNAL OF ETHNICITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2020, VOL. 18, NO. 1, 1-18 Routledge https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1679689 Taylor&Francis Group Depression, perceived discrimination, and racial barrier awareness as predictors of offending for Black women Chenelle A. Jones', Mia Ortizb, and Kelly Renner' 'Franklin University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; bBridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The lived experiences of Black people are often characterized Received 11 March 2019 by racism and race discrimination, but the experiences of Revised 3 October 2019 Black women are uniquely intensified by multiple intersecting Accepted 9 October 2019 marginalities (i.e., race, class, gender, etc.) that collectively KEYWORDS function as areas of discrimination. Recognizing this, the pre- e; gedr sent study explores whether perceptions of discrimination and Rncersener; intersectionality; crimino- racial barrier awareness leads to offending behavior above the logical theory influence of depressive factors. Findings from this study sug- gest that depressive factors alone marginally account for var- iances in offending behavior, but when paired with racial barrier awareness, significantly account for variances in offend- ing behavior. Perceptions of discrimination, however, did not account for any variance. Women represent a significant portion of the carceral population and are imprisoned at alarmingly higher rates (63 per 100,000) than they were twenty years ago (54 per 100,000) (Bronson & Carson, 2019; Gilliard & Beck, 1998). In fact, from 1997 through 2017, the number of women sen- tenced to state and federal prisons increased nearly 40%, compared to that of men (18%) (Bronson & Carson, 2019; Gilliard & Beck, 1998). Of the 105,033 women currently in state and federal prisons, 19,600 are Black women (Bronson & Carson, 2019). Crimes leading to their incarceration range from violent and property offenses to drug crimes (Bronson & Carson, 2019). Several risk factors have been linked to offending behavior among Black women (Burt & Simons, 2015; Daly, 1992; Harp & Oser, 2018; Leverentz, 2018; Richie, 1996; Roxburgh & MacArthur, 2014). Early studies identified physical or sexual abuse, or neglect as risk factors for Black women's involvement in the criminal justice system (Daly, 1992). Richie (1996) noted similar findings of prior abuse and entrapment when examining Black women in a New York jail. These risk factors continue to be CONTACT Chenelle A. Jones ChenelleJones@Franklin.edu Franklin University, 201 S. Grant Avenue, Columbus, OH 43215, USA. C 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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