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7 Va. J.L. & Tech. 1 (2002)

handle is hein.journals/vjolt7 and id is 1 raw text is: 7 Va. J.L. & Tech. 1 (2002), at http//www.vjiolt.net @ 2002 Virginia Journal of Law and Technology Association VIRGINIA JOURNAL of LAW and TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SPRING 2002 7 VA. J.L. & TECH. 1 Ownership Controls in the New Entertainment Economy: A Search for Direction Cristian DeFrancia* Introduction ...................................................................2 I. Regulating Ownership in Mass Media.................................... ..........5 A. Early Approaches to Entertainment: Vertical Integration in the Film Industries ...... ..........5 B. Broadcast Regulations: Legal and Practical Foundations .........................7 1. Regulating Behavior: Chain Broadcasting Rules..................................8 11. Program Access Rules....................................................10 III. Structural Regulations: Ownership Controls ...............................12 a. Why Content is King: The Abolition of the Fin-Syn Rules............. ..............13 b. Horizontal Ownership Controls: Curbing the Power of the Networks .................14 C. Cable Regulations..........................................................16 1. Protecting the Broadcaster: Non-Duplication and Must-Carry ........... .............17 ii. Behavioral Controls: Program Access Rules .....................................19 III. Structural Controls: Channel Occupancy and Subscriber Limits .....................22 D. Direct Broadcast Satellite: MVPD Competition Becomes Reality . ............ ............26 II. Ownership Controls After Time Warner and Fox: Back to the Drawing Board ...... .........28 A. Reassessing Cable Controls After Time Warner ............ .................. .....29 i. The Subscriber Limit: What Comes Next? ......................................30 ii. Channel Occupancy Limits: An Outmoded Idea ..............................35 B. Ownership Controls in Broadcasting: The Fox Decision.............................36 1. A Larger Issue Looms: A First Amendment Right Against Structural Controls? . ............38 ii. Competition and Diversity: The Limits of Ownership Caps..........................43 iii. The Distinction of Broadcasting: Contending with Localism.........................45 III. Regulatory Flux and the Era of Convergence: The New Entertainment Economy ... .............46 A. The Changing Structure of the Entertainment Industries ........................47 1. Information Services and the Entertainment Industries ........................ .....48 ii. The AOL Time Warner Merger: A Signal of What is to Come? .................. ......49 B. Interactive Television: A Role For Ownership Controls? ..............................51 * J.D. 2002, University of Virginia. I would like to express my appreciation to Glen Robinson for his very patient mentoring in my study of communications law. I would also like to thank Charlie Goetz, Dan Ortiz, and the editors of the Virginia Journal of Law & Technology for their invaluable comments on the draft. I also appreciate the willingness of Ed Warren of Kirkland & Ellis and Harold Feld of the Media Access Project to discuss their perspectives of the current court challenges with me.

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