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22 Trends Org. Crime 1 (2019)

handle is hein.journals/trndorgc22 and id is 1 raw text is: Trends in Organized Crime (2019) 22:1-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-019-09359-6 CrossMark Public nuisance, public enemy, public servant? Introduction to the special issue on outlaw bikers in Europe Klaus von Lampe' Published online: 1 February 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract This essay presents an introduction to the special issue on outlaw motorcycle clubs in Europe. Apart from providing an overview of the papers contained in the special issue, it presents a classificatory scheme for the analysis of the links between outlaw biker clubs-also known as outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs)-and crime. Against the backdrop of the history of the outlaw biker subculture in Europe, this paper proposes a five-fold typology of criminal activities that can potentially by ascribed to biker clubs as organizational entities, and it presents three different scenarios for an overlap of criminal structures and the formal structure of an outlaw biker club. Keywords Outlaw motorcycle clubs - Outlaw motorcycle gangs - OMCG - Biker- Organized crime - Europe Outlaw motorcycle clubs have been a common sight across Europe for several decades. More recently they have gotten caught in the cross-hairs of police and policy level anti- organized-crime campaigns. According to Europol, outlaw biker groups are considered a national threat and a national policing priority in 17 EU Member States and six Europol partner states (Europol 2018). Criminologists have not been ignorant of the phenomenon either, but it is only in the last few years that studies on outlaw bikers have developed into a discernible line of research. Historical development of the outlaw biker scene in Europe Historically speaking, the outlaw biker phenomenon in Europe is largely the product of cultural influences from the United States. The initial formation of European outlaw 2 Klaus von Lampe Klaus.vonLampe@HWR-Berlin.de Department of Police and Security Management, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Alt-Friedrichsfelde 60, 10315 Berlin, Germany '_ Springer

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